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LING 110 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the two hemisphers of the cerebral cortex

A
  • left hemisphere
  • right hemisphere
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3
Q

define bilateral

A

both sides

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4
Q

define ipsilateral

A

same side

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5
Q

define contralateral

A

opposite sides

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6
Q

explain contralaterality in brain-body relations

A

eahc hemisphere control the opposite half of the body

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7
Q

which hemipshere controls the left side of the body

A

the right hemisphere

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8
Q

what hemisphere controls the right side of the body

A

the left hemisphere

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9
Q

the cerebral cortex receives encoded images of the contralateral visual fields of one eye or both eyes

A

both eyes

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10
Q

what is special about the image on the retina

A

it is inverted

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11
Q

is the left and right visual fields contralateral or bilateral

A

contralateral

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12
Q

what are the four lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
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13
Q

review the eye path charts

A
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14
Q

review the brain hemisphere chart

A
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15
Q

explain the function of the frontal lobe

A
  • motor function
  • planning, decisions, and execution of behavior
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16
Q

explain the function of the temporal lobe

A
  • recognitions and perception
  • auditory processing
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17
Q

explain the function of the parietal lobe

A
  • somatosensory: perception of touch, pressure, temperatue, movement, pain
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18
Q

explain the function of the occipital lobe

A
  • vison
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19
Q

are cognitive systems (like language) localized to one lobe

A

no

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20
Q

can distinct elements of complex systems (like language) reside in more than one lobe

A

yes

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21
Q

explain Phineas Gage

A
  • before: repsonsible, well mannered, liked, etc
  • after: unstable, disrespectful, impulsive
  • due to damage involved in the prefrontal cortex
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22
Q

explain localism

A

the idea that different parts of the brain do different things

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23
Q

explain the Laborgne brain experiment

(hint: tan)

A
  • right sided paralysis that progressively worsens
  • damage in the left hemisphere
  • shown deficit for language: could not produce it only the syllable “tan”
  • langauge comprehension was fin
  • found damage to the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere
  • conclusion: loss of language ability was linked to local damage in the Broca area
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24
Q

what did the lebrognes experiment give evidence of

A

hemispheric asymmetry in brain organization

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25
Q

define aphasia

A

loss of some langauge ability after brain damage

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26
Q

what are the different areas that can cause different kinds of aphasia

A
  • Brocas aphasia
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
  • Conduction aphasia
  • Anomia
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27
Q

explain Broca’s aphasia

A
  • grammar deficit that affects langauge production
  • unimpaired comprehension
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28
Q

explain Paul broca

A
  • first systematic neuro linguistic report
  • characterization of where part of language is organized in brain
  • temporal lobe damage in left hemisphere
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29
Q

explain Wernickes aphasia

A
  • semantic deficit that afffects language comprehension
  • (fluent fast speech, difficulty comprhending what is said, well formed sentence but does not make sense, filler words
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30
Q

explain double dissociation

A
  • suggests these differnt aspects of language are organized in differnet parts of the brain
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31
Q

what is the difference iwth brocas aphasia and wernicks aphasia

A
  • brocas: grammar problems and semantic spared
  • wernicke: grammar spared, semantics problems
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32
Q

review the language organization chart

A
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33
Q

what is involved in the model of language organization

A
  • connector among broca and wenickes
  • auditory memory of words
  • motor memory of words
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34
Q

explain conduction aphasia

A

damage ot arcuate fasciculus should harm ability to repeat spoken words

35
Q

explain anomia

A
  • sever word-finding difficulty during speech or naming
  • confusion among words similar in meaning
  • related to stroke or other brain damage
36
Q

what are common cataogries in anomia

(what word groups is forgetten the most)

A
  • names of plants or animals
  • food
  • names of ppl
  • abstract nouns (justics, creativity)
  • concrete nouns (house, moon)
37
Q

explain left-lateralization of language

A

two hemispheres house different functions

38
Q

define dichotic listening task

A

auditory presentaiton to both ears (tests for ear advantage)

39
Q

explain right ear advantage

A

suggests left hemisphere processing of speech

40
Q

explain left ear advantage

A

suggests right hemisphere processing of music

41
Q

explain corpus callosum

A

bundle of fibers linking the 2 hemisphere

42
Q

explain split brain patients

A
  • patients undergone surgery to sever corpus callosum
  • once cut the hemisphere is forced to handlge stimulus independently
43
Q

what is the conclusion of split brain patients

A
  • converging evidence for language as strongly left-lateralized function
  • consistent with the main conclusions from classical aphasic research
44
Q

what is plasticity

A

the right hemisphere can take over language ability even though formerly house in left hemiphere

45
Q

explain what dichotic listening and hemispheric asymmetries are testing for

A

approaches take advantage of contralaterality to test whether language is indeed left lateralized

46
Q

what is the name of the test for dichotic listening

A

dichotic listening task

47
Q

what is the test called for hemispheeric asymmetries

A

wada test

48
Q

explain the Wada Test

A
  • giving anesthesia to one hemisphere to temporarily render it unavailable
49
Q

explain brain damage in relation to language difficulties

A
  • damage to different brain areas can lead to different difficulties
  • ex. ppl with damage to frontal lobe have trouble saying verbs but not nouns
50
Q

explain what compound words can contain

A
  • either two nouns
  • or noun and verb
51
Q

explain Semenza test

A
  • italian noun compounds made of verb + noun
  • tested if italian speaker with brain injury can say those nouns
  • found that they often omitted verb part
  • proved words are broken down into parts in the brain
52
Q

what is syntax

A
  • study of how sentences are constructed in a language
  • knowledge of the way words combine to form phrases and sentences
53
Q

explain internal stucture of a sentence

A

words group together to form phrases and two sentences can have same words but not mean the same thing

54
Q

compare the internal structure of english vs japanese

A

each language has its own rules about how words combine that are the syntax of language

55
Q

what are the two non-invasive ways to measure brain activity

A
  • hemodynamic method (fMRI)
  • electrophsiological method (EEG)
56
Q

explain how the hemodynamic method works

A
  • it is a functional MRI
  • infer where the brain is active by measuring changes in blood flow in the brain
  • when part of the brain is working hard, it needs more oxygen= more blood flow to that area
  • shows what parts of the brain are being most active during things
57
Q

explain how the electrophysiological method works

A
  • EEG
  • measure brain activity directly by detecting changes in electrical signals in the brain
  • neurons work on cognitive task and communicate using electircal signals
  • different burst of brain activity measured by EEG show differnt cognitive processes as they occur in real time
58
Q

explain how Angelo Mosso descovered hemodynamics

A
  • he met a patient with part of his brain exposed
  • noticed it pulsated with the church bells rang or during prayer
  • suspected brain activity could be measured by looking for changed in blood flow to the brain
59
Q

explain mosso’s balance

A
  • first brain imaging experiment
  • person lays flat on the bed doing nothing= they should be flat
  • person laying on bed thinking about things= bed tilts toward the head bc blood flowing
  • thought increase in mental activity resulted in increased blood flow to the brain
60
Q

explain hemodynamic advantages and disadvantages

A
  • excellent for telling where things happen
  • not good for telling when things happen
61
Q

explain the advantages and disadvantages of electroencephalography (EEG)

A
  • not good a telling where things happen
  • excellent for telling when things happen
62
Q

explain the Lavic testing

A
  • EEG example
  • asked paricipant to view 3 kind of words in lexical decision task (one with 2 morphemes, one with 1 morpheme but looks like two, and one with 1 morpheme)
63
Q

what two things are needed to have an internal structure of a sentence

A
  • noun phrase
  • verb phrase
  • sometime auxiliary verb
64
Q

define phrase struture rules

A

rules for how words combine for sentence structure

65
Q

define constituents

A

a group of one or more words that functions together as one “unit” in a sentence

66
Q

how is something considered a constituent

A

has to be connected by branches on syntactic tree

67
Q

explain what a syntactic tree is

A

break down of sentences word by word

68
Q

review the synatcic tree structure and the internal structure of it

(like all the abriviations of nouns and stuff)

A
69
Q

define parsing

A
  • in the moment mental processes that determine grammatical structure of word sequences as they come in
  • fast and unconscious
70
Q

define comprehension

A
  • end result of successful parse that allows you to understand the meaning of the utterance
  • must siccessfully parse sentence to comprehend it
71
Q

explained self-paced reading experiment

A
  • common paradigm
  • sentence is dashed out and one word appears at a time when you press the space bar
  • then followed by question about sentence
72
Q

define common paradigm

A

moving window self-paced reading paradigm

73
Q

what are the dependent variables in self-paced reading test

A
  • reading time for each bar press
  • accuracy on end of sentence judgmen (questions)
74
Q

what does the self-paced reading show

A
  • it is a case of temporary ambiguity that teach about how we apply grammatical knowledge during sentence comprehension
75
Q

explain garden path sentence

A
  • sentence that can be temporarily parsed with two different syntactic structure
76
Q

what does the parsing preference show

A
  • we have preferred way to parse sentence and if it turns out wrong it takes time/effort to revise parse in order to comprehend sentence
77
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of self-paced reading

A

:) - can detect automatic processes and processing difficulty during reading
:( - not natural reading, words disappear and we cannot go back while reading; it can only show one type of ‘slowing down’

78
Q

why do linguist use eye tracking in studys

A
  • makes reading natural as possible in experiment setting
  • words do not disappear
  • how how parse utilize synatatic konwledge in online processing
79
Q

what are the types of eye movement

A
  • fixations
  • saccades
80
Q

explain fixation eye movement

A
  • stabilized look at specific word on screen
  • how long they look at the words in a sentence
81
Q

explain saccades eye movement

A
  • rapid eye movement from one fixation to another
  • regressive saccades: eye movement going back to previous words in sentence
82
Q

how does eye movemetn reflect language processing

A
  • tend to fixate on content words not function words
  • eye move back in sentence when temporarily ambigous garden path sentence intially given wrong synataci nalysis
  • Syntactically complex and semantically anomalous parts of sentences tend to create lots of regressive saccades
83
Q
A
84
Q

advantage and disadvantge of eye tracking

A

:) - naturalistic reading; different types/meausres of slowing down
:( - researches cannot ensure whether the participants read every word of the sentence, including some word sof interest
- Readers may skip those words

LING 110 (4 decks)

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