exam 3 Flashcards
what makes up the central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
what are the two hemisphers of the cerebral cortex
- left hemisphere
- right hemisphere
define bilateral
both sides
define ipsilateral
same side
define contralateral
opposite sides
explain contralaterality in brain-body relations
eahc hemisphere control the opposite half of the body
which hemipshere controls the left side of the body
the right hemisphere
what hemisphere controls the right side of the body
the left hemisphere
the cerebral cortex receives encoded images of the contralateral visual fields of one eye or both eyes
both eyes
what is special about the image on the retina
it is inverted
is the left and right visual fields contralateral or bilateral
contralateral
what are the four lobes of the brain
- frontal lobe
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
review the eye path charts
review the brain hemisphere chart
explain the function of the frontal lobe
- motor function
- planning, decisions, and execution of behavior
explain the function of the temporal lobe
- recognitions and perception
- auditory processing
explain the function of the parietal lobe
- somatosensory: perception of touch, pressure, temperatue, movement, pain
explain the function of the occipital lobe
- vison
are cognitive systems (like language) localized to one lobe
no
can distinct elements of complex systems (like language) reside in more than one lobe
yes
explain Phineas Gage
- before: repsonsible, well mannered, liked, etc
- after: unstable, disrespectful, impulsive
- due to damage involved in the prefrontal cortex
explain localism
the idea that different parts of the brain do different things
explain the Laborgne brain experiment
(hint: tan)
- right sided paralysis that progressively worsens
- damage in the left hemisphere
- shown deficit for language: could not produce it only the syllable “tan”
- langauge comprehension was fin
- found damage to the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere
- conclusion: loss of language ability was linked to local damage in the Broca area
what did the lebrognes experiment give evidence of
hemispheric asymmetry in brain organization
define aphasia
loss of some langauge ability after brain damage
what are the different areas that can cause different kinds of aphasia
- Brocas aphasia
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- Conduction aphasia
- Anomia
explain Broca’s aphasia
- grammar deficit that affects langauge production
- unimpaired comprehension
explain Paul broca
- first systematic neuro linguistic report
- characterization of where part of language is organized in brain
- temporal lobe damage in left hemisphere
explain Wernickes aphasia
- semantic deficit that afffects language comprehension
- (fluent fast speech, difficulty comprhending what is said, well formed sentence but does not make sense, filler words
explain double dissociation
- suggests these differnt aspects of language are organized in differnet parts of the brain
what is the difference iwth brocas aphasia and wernicks aphasia
- brocas: grammar problems and semantic spared
- wernicke: grammar spared, semantics problems
review the language organization chart
what is involved in the model of language organization
- connector among broca and wenickes
- auditory memory of words
- motor memory of words
explain conduction aphasia
damage ot arcuate fasciculus should harm ability to repeat spoken words
explain anomia
- sever word-finding difficulty during speech or naming
- confusion among words similar in meaning
- related to stroke or other brain damage
what are common cataogries in anomia
(what word groups is forgetten the most)
- names of plants or animals
- food
- names of ppl
- abstract nouns (justics, creativity)
- concrete nouns (house, moon)
explain left-lateralization of language
two hemispheres house different functions
define dichotic listening task
auditory presentaiton to both ears (tests for ear advantage)
explain right ear advantage
suggests left hemisphere processing of speech
explain left ear advantage
suggests right hemisphere processing of music
explain corpus callosum
bundle of fibers linking the 2 hemisphere
explain split brain patients
- patients undergone surgery to sever corpus callosum
- once cut the hemisphere is forced to handlge stimulus independently
what is the conclusion of split brain patients
- converging evidence for language as strongly left-lateralized function
- consistent with the main conclusions from classical aphasic research
what is plasticity
the right hemisphere can take over language ability even though formerly house in left hemiphere
explain what dichotic listening and hemispheric asymmetries are testing for
approaches take advantage of contralaterality to test whether language is indeed left lateralized
what is the name of the test for dichotic listening
dichotic listening task
what is the test called for hemispheeric asymmetries
wada test
explain the Wada Test
- giving anesthesia to one hemisphere to temporarily render it unavailable
explain brain damage in relation to language difficulties
- damage to different brain areas can lead to different difficulties
- ex. ppl with damage to frontal lobe have trouble saying verbs but not nouns
explain what compound words can contain
- either two nouns
- or noun and verb
explain Semenza test
- italian noun compounds made of verb + noun
- tested if italian speaker with brain injury can say those nouns
- found that they often omitted verb part
- proved words are broken down into parts in the brain
what is syntax
- study of how sentences are constructed in a language
- knowledge of the way words combine to form phrases and sentences
explain internal stucture of a sentence
words group together to form phrases and two sentences can have same words but not mean the same thing
compare the internal structure of english vs japanese
each language has its own rules about how words combine that are the syntax of language
what are the two non-invasive ways to measure brain activity
- hemodynamic method (fMRI)
- electrophsiological method (EEG)
explain how the hemodynamic method works
- it is a functional MRI
- infer where the brain is active by measuring changes in blood flow in the brain
- when part of the brain is working hard, it needs more oxygen= more blood flow to that area
- shows what parts of the brain are being most active during things
explain how the electrophysiological method works
- EEG
- measure brain activity directly by detecting changes in electrical signals in the brain
- neurons work on cognitive task and communicate using electircal signals
- different burst of brain activity measured by EEG show differnt cognitive processes as they occur in real time
explain how Angelo Mosso descovered hemodynamics
- he met a patient with part of his brain exposed
- noticed it pulsated with the church bells rang or during prayer
- suspected brain activity could be measured by looking for changed in blood flow to the brain
explain mosso’s balance
- first brain imaging experiment
- person lays flat on the bed doing nothing= they should be flat
- person laying on bed thinking about things= bed tilts toward the head bc blood flowing
- thought increase in mental activity resulted in increased blood flow to the brain
explain hemodynamic advantages and disadvantages
- excellent for telling where things happen
- not good for telling when things happen
explain the advantages and disadvantages of electroencephalography (EEG)
- not good a telling where things happen
- excellent for telling when things happen
explain the Lavic testing
- EEG example
- asked paricipant to view 3 kind of words in lexical decision task (one with 2 morphemes, one with 1 morpheme but looks like two, and one with 1 morpheme)
what two things are needed to have an internal structure of a sentence
- noun phrase
- verb phrase
- sometime auxiliary verb
define phrase struture rules
rules for how words combine for sentence structure
define constituents
a group of one or more words that functions together as one “unit” in a sentence
how is something considered a constituent
has to be connected by branches on syntactic tree
explain what a syntactic tree is
break down of sentences word by word
review the synatcic tree structure and the internal structure of it
(like all the abriviations of nouns and stuff)
define parsing
- in the moment mental processes that determine grammatical structure of word sequences as they come in
- fast and unconscious
define comprehension
- end result of successful parse that allows you to understand the meaning of the utterance
- must siccessfully parse sentence to comprehend it
explained self-paced reading experiment
- common paradigm
- sentence is dashed out and one word appears at a time when you press the space bar
- then followed by question about sentence
define common paradigm
moving window self-paced reading paradigm
what are the dependent variables in self-paced reading test
- reading time for each bar press
- accuracy on end of sentence judgmen (questions)
what does the self-paced reading show
- it is a case of temporary ambiguity that teach about how we apply grammatical knowledge during sentence comprehension
explain garden path sentence
- sentence that can be temporarily parsed with two different syntactic structure
what does the parsing preference show
- we have preferred way to parse sentence and if it turns out wrong it takes time/effort to revise parse in order to comprehend sentence
what are the advantages and disadvantages of self-paced reading
:) - can detect automatic processes and processing difficulty during reading
:( - not natural reading, words disappear and we cannot go back while reading; it can only show one type of ‘slowing down’
why do linguist use eye tracking in studys
- makes reading natural as possible in experiment setting
- words do not disappear
- how how parse utilize synatatic konwledge in online processing
what are the types of eye movement
- fixations
- saccades
explain fixation eye movement
- stabilized look at specific word on screen
- how long they look at the words in a sentence
explain saccades eye movement
- rapid eye movement from one fixation to another
- regressive saccades: eye movement going back to previous words in sentence
how does eye movemetn reflect language processing
- tend to fixate on content words not function words
- eye move back in sentence when temporarily ambigous garden path sentence intially given wrong synataci nalysis
- Syntactically complex and semantically anomalous parts of sentences tend to create lots of regressive saccades
advantage and disadvantge of eye tracking
:) - naturalistic reading; different types/meausres of slowing down
:( - researches cannot ensure whether the participants read every word of the sentence, including some word sof interest
- Readers may skip those words
