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Space exploration 3010 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the distance from the Earth to the Sun in AU, miles and Sun diameters? How does the Sun’s diameter compare to the Earth’s diameter?

A

109X Earth diameters, 1 AU, sun diameters: 864,000 miles

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2
Q

How does the Sun’s mass compare to the Earth’s mass? Jupiter’s mass?

A
  • 300,000X Earth’s mass
  • 1,000X Jupiter’s mass
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3
Q

What percent of the Sun’s mass is composed of elements heavier than helium?

A

2%

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4
Q

What is the average rotation period of the Sun?

A

27 days

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5
Q

What is the surface temperature of the Sun ( ̊F)?

A

10,000 F

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6
Q

What is the power output of the sun?

A

4 X 10^26 watts
400 yota watts

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7
Q

What is the source of the Sun’s energy?

A

Nuclear fusion

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8
Q

What is the temperature of the core of the Sun ( ̊ F)?

A

27 million degrees

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9
Q

What percent of the Sun’s total mass has been converted into energy during the 5 billion years that the Sun has been shining?

A

.035%

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10
Q

What kind of particles are used to study the Sun’s core?

A

Solar neutrino

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11
Q

What is the solar neutrino problem?

A

Only 1/3 of expected neutrinos were detected.

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12
Q

What is the solution to the solar neutrino problem?

A

Neutrinos come in three flavors and change their identities. Look for the other ones.

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13
Q

Layers of the sun from the center to the outer atmosphere (6)

A
  1. Core
  2. Radiative zone
  3. Convective zone
  4. Photosphere
  5. Chromosphere
  6. Corona
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14
Q

What causes sunspots to be cooler?

A

Convection is hindered and there is localized cooling.

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15
Q

What is the period of the solar cycle from maximum solar activity to maximum solar activity?

A

Around 11 years

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16
Q

What causes the solar cycle?

A

Sun’s magnetic activity.

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17
Q

In what layer of the Sun’s atmosphere are spicules found?

A

Chromosphere

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18
Q

Define solar prominence

A

Huge plumes of glowing gas

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19
Q

Define solar flare

A

brief but bright eruption of gas

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20
Q

Define coronal mass ejection

A

enormous bubbles of hot gas that burst from the corona out into space.

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21
Q

Which lasts longer? A solar prominence or a solar flare?

A

Solar prominence

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22
Q

What did we see when looking at the sun through a telescope?

A

A solar prominence

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23
Q

What is the solar wind mostly composed of?

A

Mostly hydrogen and helium

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24
Q

Which mission made three solar scans at all latitudes?

A

Ulysses

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25
Q

Which mission was able to see the whole Sun?

A

STEREO

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26
Q

Which mission has a set of postage stamps?

A

SDO

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27
Q

Which mission is studying the sun up close?

A

Parker solar probe

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28
Q

How much more light-gathering power does an 8-inch telescope have compared to a 4-inch telescope?

A

4X more light gathering power.

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29
Q

What is resolving power?

A

Ability to discern details

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30
Q

What is the purpose of adaptive optics?

A

The purpose of adaptive optics is to improve the performance of optical systems by compensating for the distortion caused by the Earth’s atmosphere.

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31
Q

How do adaptive optics work?

A

It works by measuring the distortions introduced and then applying corrective measures.

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32
Q

What advantage does the Hubble Space Telescope have over telescopes located on the surface of the Earth?

A

It has an unobstructed view because it isn’t affected by the atmosphere.

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33
Q

Why can you see more stars in rural areas than is urban areas?

A

Because of light pollution

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34
Q

What are the advantages of a bigger telescope?

A

More light, better resolution

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35
Q

Why is there no X-ray telescope located among the Mauna Kea observatories?

A

Atmospheric absorption and X-rays are typically used in space-based observatories.

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36
Q

Where is the extremely large telescope located?

A

Chile

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37
Q

where is gemini north located?

A

Mauna Kea

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38
Q

Where is gemini south located?

A

Mauna Kea

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39
Q

Where is gran telescopio canarias located?

A

Canary islands

40
Q

Where is the Hobbery-eberly telescope located?

A

texas

41
Q

Where is the hubble telescope located?

A

LEO

42
Q

Where is the JWST located?

A

L2

43
Q

Where is the keck telescope located?

A

Hawaii

44
Q

where is the large binocular telescope located?

A

arizona

45
Q

Where is the subaru telescope located?

A

Hawaii

46
Q

Where is the southern african large telescope located?

A

Sutherland, South Africa

47
Q

Where is the very large telescope located?

A

Chile

48
Q

Be able to recognize a scale drawing of the mirrors of each of the telescopes listed in the previous question

A
49
Q

What makes Mauna Kea a near ideal location for observatories?

A

Dark skies, good seeing, low humidity, high elevation, low latitude.

50
Q

Which of the largest telescopes in the world are located on Mauna Kea?

A

Keck

51
Q

Which observatories on Mauna Kea were part of the Event Horizon Telescope that produced the first image of a black hole?

A

James Clerk Maxwell, Submillimeter array

52
Q

Where is ALMA located?

A

Chile

53
Q

Where is APEX located?

A

chile

54
Q

Where is the james clerk maxwell telescope located?

A

Hawaii

55
Q

where is the large millimeter telescope located?

A

Mexico

56
Q

Where is the pico veleta observatory?

A

Spain

57
Q

Where is the south pole telescope located?

A

The south pole

58
Q

Where is the submillimeter array located?

A

Hawaii

59
Q

Where is the Submillimeter telescope located?

A

Arizona

60
Q

Which observatory is the largest array in the Event Horizon Telescope?

A

ALMA

61
Q

Which observatory in the Event Horizon Telescope is located by the Large Binocular Telescope?

A

Submillimeter telescope

62
Q

Which is the northern most observatory in the Event Horizon Telescope?

A

Pico veleta observatory

63
Q

Which is the southernmost observatory in the Event Horizon Telescope?

A

South pole telescope

64
Q

Which observatory has the largest telescope in the Event Horizon Telescope?

A

Large millimeter telescope

65
Q

Which observatory in the Event Horizon Telescope is located at the highest elevation?

A

APEX

66
Q

Which observatory in the Event Horizon Telescope is an array of 8 – 20 foot telescopes?

A

Submillimeter array

67
Q

At what wavelength did the Event Horizon Telescope make its observations?

A

1.3mm wavelength

68
Q

In what month in 2017 did the Event Horizon Telescope make its observations of M87*?

A

April

69
Q

How were the telescopes in the Event Horizon Telescope synchronized?

A

Atomic clocks

70
Q

How much total data was collected by the Event Horizon Telescope to produce the first image of a black hole?

A

5 petabytes aka 5,000 terabytes

71
Q

How was the Event Horizon Telescope data brought together?

A

Flown by FedEx

72
Q

What caused a six month delay in sending the data from one of the Event Horizon Telescope observatories?

A

There are no flights for the south pole between February and October.

73
Q

What is the name of the black hole at the center of our galaxy?

A

Sagittarius A

74
Q

How does the mass of the black hole at the center of our galaxy compare to the mass of M87*?

A

M87* is… 1,000 times more massive, 1,000 times bigger.

75
Q

How does the size (diameter) of the black hole at the center of our galaxy compare to the size of M87*?

A

M87* is 1,000 times closer.

76
Q

Why does the black hole at the center of our galaxy appear to be the same size in the sky as M87*?

A

M87* is 1,000 times bigger but Sagittarius A* is 1,00 times closer.

77
Q

If the Sun were the size of a grapefruit and was located in California, where would the nearest star be?

A

Florida

78
Q

Why is it so difficult to directly image an exoplanet?

A

Its like sitting in California and taking a picture of a firefly by a street light in Florida.

79
Q

Why is the James Webb Space Telescope a good choice for directly imaging exoplanets?

A

Because it is not affected by earth’s atmosphere.

80
Q

What are the three main things for detecting exoplanets?

A

The radial velocity method
The astrometry method
The transit method

81
Q

Which method works best for close stars with distant massive planets?

A

Astrometric Technique

82
Q

Which method works best for massive planets that are close to their stars?

A

Radial Velocity Technique

83
Q

Which method likely only works for 1% of stars?

A

Transits and Eclipses

84
Q

How many stars did the Kepler Mission watch for transits?

A

150,000 stars every 30 minutes

85
Q

Which method(s) can be used to determine the orbital period of exoplanets?

A

The transit method

86
Q

Which method(s) can be used to determine the eccentricity of exoplanets?

A

Radial velocity method

87
Q

Which method(s) can be used to determine the size of exoplanets?

A

Orbital period

88
Q

What two methods are used to determine the density of exoplanets?

A

Transit Method, Radial Velocity method

89
Q

How many confirmed exoplanets have been discovered to date?

A

5,612

90
Q

Which method has been used to discover the most exoplanets? What percent?

A

Transit method, 70-80%

91
Q

What percent of confirmed exoplanets are terrestrials?

A

4%

92
Q

What kind of planet was the first exoplanet found around a Sun like star?

A

Hot jupiter

93
Q

How many planets have been discovered orbiting TRAPPIST-1?

A

7 Known planets

94
Q

HAT-P-32 b has a density similar to?

A

Styrofoam

95
Q

What is the name of the exoplanet that is closest to Earth?

A

Proxima Centauri b

96
Q

What kind of rain falls on the nightside of WASP-76 b?

A

Iron rain

97
Q
A

Space exploration 3010 (4 decks)

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