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Space exploration 3010 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of stars did Edwin Hubble use as standard candles to determine the distance to galaxies?

A

Cepheid stars

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2
Q

What do we call the earliest time in our Universe when it was very dense and very hot?

A

Big bang

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3
Q

Where are elements heavier than iron formed?

A

Stars, form during supernova explosions, death of massive stars.

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4
Q

What percent of the solar nebula out of which the Solar System formed ended up in the Sun?

A

99.8%

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5
Q

Why are the planets that formed closer to the Sun composed primarily of silicates and iron compounds?

A

Too hot to hold the volatile gases that dominate the solar nebula.

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6
Q

Why are the planets in the outer solar system so large?

A

Large size, large gravitational attraction (accelerates growth). They captured a large amount of hydrogen and other gasses from the surrounding nebula with their enormous gravity.

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7
Q

How did the layers of the Earth get sorted by density? What is this called?

A

The earth liquified, and then the heavy elements sunk into the middle (the core). Differentiation.

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8
Q

Where is the asteroid belt located?

A

beyond the orbit of neptune

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9
Q

How do we explain the large exoplanets orbiting close to their stars that we have found?

A

Migration

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10
Q

What features of the Solar System can be explained as a consequence of the Grand Tack Hypothesis?

A

Small mars, asteroid belt, no super earth, no hot Jupiter.

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11
Q

What features of the Solar System can be explained as a consequence of the Nice Model?

A

How the outer planets came to their present orbits, how the trojan asteroids in the outer solar system came into their orbital configurations. The migration of the outer planets caused instability among small bodies.

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12
Q

What does the word planet mean?

A

Wanderer

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13
Q

How did the Ptolemaic Model explain retrograde motion?

A

Epicycles, circling the planet but circles the circle, used for 13 centuries.

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14
Q

Who gave us the three laws of planetary motion?

A

Kepler

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15
Q

What is eccentricity

A

It tells you how stretched out the orbit is.

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16
Q

What is the shape of planetary orbits?

A

Elliptical orbits

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17
Q

Who demonstrated that Kepler’s Laws are a consequence of his theory of gravity?

A

Issac Newton

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18
Q

What is the name of the largest asteroid in the asteroid belt?

A

Ceres

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19
Q

What criteria must be met for an object in the Solar System to be called a planet?

A

Orbits the sun, nearly round shape, has cleared its orbit.

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20
Q

Which planet has the greatest orbital speed?

A

Mercury (88 Earth days)

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21
Q

Why do the Moon and the Sun have the same angular size in the sky?

A

The sun is approx. 400 times farther away from Earth than the Moon, but is also approx. 400 times larger.

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22
Q

Which planet has the highest density?

A

Earth

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23
Q

Which planet has the lowest density?

A

Saturn

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24
Q

Which planet has the highest albedo?

A

Venus

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25
Q

What does albedo mean?

A

brightness

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26
Q

What do we use to look inside of planets?

A

Earthquake waves, P waves, S waves.

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27
Q

Which type of earthquake waves can travel through both solids and liquids.

A

P wavese

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28
Q

What is obliquity?

A

The angle between a perpendicular to its orbital plane and its spin axis- the tilt of its axis.

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29
Q

What planet has the shortest synodic day?

A

Mercury, 116 days.

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30
Q

Which planet has the longest sidereal day?

A

venus 243

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31
Q

What are the requirements for a planet to have a global magnetic field?

A

The interior region of electrically conduction fluid, convection in that layer, moderately rapid rotation.

32
Q

Which planet has the most moons?

A

Saturn

33
Q

Define velocity

A

speed and direction of motion

34
Q

Define acceleartion

A

change in velocity, increase, decrease, or change direction.

35
Q

Define force

A

A push or pull

36
Q

Define mass

A

the amount of matter in an object.

37
Q

How can we tell if a net force is acting on an object?

A

Any change in the objects state of motion.

38
Q

How is acceleration of an object affected by the force acting on it and its mass?

A

As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is decreased.

39
Q

Does the moon accelerate as its orbits the earth?

A

yes, gravity makes the moon accelerate all the time.

40
Q

How is the force of gravity affected if the mass of one of the objects is doubled?

A

The force of gravity between them is doubled.

41
Q

How is the force of gravity affected if the distance between the two objects is doubled?

A

reduced to one fourth the initial force.

42
Q

What is the barycenter of two objects?

A

Common center of mass

43
Q

Why does the sun wobble in space?

A

as the sun orbits this moving barycenter, it wobbles around

44
Q

What are gravitational assists and how are they used in space exploration?

A

Interaction with a planet is sued to change the speed and trajectory of a spacecraft.

45
Q

Why are gaps found in the asteroid belt?

A

caused by the orbital resonances between jupiter and the asteroid belt.

46
Q

What was found in Jupiter’s L4 and L5 lagrange points?

A

the trojans, a swarm of asteroids.

47
Q

What is a chaotic orbit?

A

An orbit that can change in a largely unpredictable manner, or one where a tiny change in the position and/or the velocity of the orbiting body will produce major changes in the orbit.

48
Q

How does our Moon rank in size compared to other moons in the Solar System?

A

5th largest in the solar system

49
Q

How does the diameter of the moon compare to the earth?

A

earth is about 4 times the diameter of the moon.

50
Q

How much later does the moon rise and set each day. why does it do this?

A

30-70 minutes later each day/night than the day/night before, because the moon moves 13 degrees each day.

51
Q

How many times does the moon rotate during one orbit of the earth?

A

Synodic: 29.5
Sidereal: 27.3

52
Q

Describe why we see the moon phases

A

As the Moon orbits the Earth, the portion of the illuminated Moon that we see changes, giving rise to the phases of the moon.

53
Q

Who can see a lunar eclipse?

A

anywhere on the night side of the earth.

54
Q

Who can see a solar eclipse?

A

some people in the path of the eclipse, changes per solar eclipse.

55
Q

What causes an annular eclipse?

A

when the moon passes between the sun and the earth, but when it is at or near its farthest point from the earth.

56
Q

What phase is the moon in when a solar eclipse occurs?

A

New moon

57
Q

What phase is the moon in when a lunar eclipse occurs?

A

full moon

58
Q

Why don’t we have an eclipse every month?

A

because the moon is usually slightly above or below the earth’s shadow.

59
Q

When is the next total solar eclipse in logan?

A

june 24th 2169

60
Q

What is regolith and how does it form?

A

A blanket of rock, tens of meters deep, fine powder, and rock chunks. On earth it’s a product of weather, on the moon it is a product of meteorite impact.

61
Q

What is the cause of nearly all the surface features of the moon?

A

impacts

62
Q

What is escape velocity?

A

minimum speed needed for an object to escape from contact with or orbit of a primary body.

63
Q

Could a single stage rocket achieve earths escape velocity?

A

No, not yet.

64
Q

Did the space shuttle use liquid or solid rocket engines?

A

liquid propellant rocket engines.

65
Q

What was the first satellite?

A

Soviet sputnik 1957

66
Q

Which spacecraft gave us the first look at the farside of moon?

A

Soviet, Luna 3, 1959.

67
Q

Who was the first man in space?

A

Yuri Gagarin, 1961

68
Q

Who was the first woman in space?

A

Valentina Tereshkova, 1963.

69
Q

Who was the first american in space?

A

alan shepherd, 1961

70
Q

Who was the first american to orbit earth?

A

John Glenn, 1961

71
Q

Which was the first manned mission to orbit the moon?

A

apollo 8

72
Q

Which mission first landed humans on the moon?

A

Apollo 11

73
Q

During which mission did astronauts visit the surveyor 3 lander

A

Apollo 12

74
Q

Which Apollo mission was regarded as a successful failure

A

Apollo 13

75
Q

During which mission did an astronaut hit two golf balls on the Moon?

A

apollo 14

76
Q

During which mission did astronauts first use a lunar rover?

A

apollo 15

77
Q

Which mission was the first to land a geologist on the moon?

A

apollo 17

Space exploration 3010 (4 decks)

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