EXAM 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Damage to which brain area causes amnesia?
A
hippocampal damage
2
Q
Which famous patient did we study to assess the effects of amnesia?
A
Patient H.M
3
Q
What type of memory does amnesia effect?
A
long term memory
4
Q
Damage to the middle diencephalic region may cause?
A
amnesia
5
Q
define memory
A
group of mechanisms/process by which experience shapes us, changing our brains and our behavior
6
Q
what is memory for? ( 5 things)
A
details of everyday life
holding info for a short time while we work on it
remembering events of our lives
capturing patterns of co-occurrence
helps us to use the past to imagine the future
7
Q
define amnesia
A
inability to form most new long-term memories
8
Q
amnesia results from extensive damage to the regions of what lobe
A
medial temporal lobe
9
Q
names the structure of the medial temporal lobe that results in amnesia
A
hippocampus
dentate gyrus
subiculum
amygdala
parahippocampal area
10
Q
T/F amnesia is characterized by a loss of memory that is global
A
T
11
Q
consequences of bilateral damages to the hippocampus
A
impairment across all types of materials occurs
12
Q
consequences of unilateral damage to the hippocampus
A
deficits in memory for verbal material after L Hemisphere damage
AND
nonverbal material after right hemisphere damage
13
Q
which type of amnesia is characterized by a temporal gradient
A
retrograde amnesia
13
Q
which type of amnesia is associated with episodic memory
A
retrograde amnesia
13
Q
What is skill learning and is it preserved in amnesic patients?
A
the acquisition ( gradually and incrementally through repetition) of motor, perceptual, or cognitive operations/procedures that aid performance
it is preserved in amnesic patients
13
Q
Declarative memory is associated with which brain structure?
A
hippocampus
14
Q
what are the two component systems that influence the choice of behavior
A
contention scheduling
supervisory attentional system
15
Q
define contention scheduling
A
enables relatively automatic processing which has been learned over time
16
Q
define supervisory attentional system
A
effortfully directs attention
- guides action through decision processes
17
Q
how does frontal damage affect the choice of behavior
A
disables the supervisory attentional system
(leaves actions to be governed totally by contention scheduling)
18
Q
define metacognition
A
ability to reflect upon a cognitive process
19
Q
Damage to what brain area would disrupt the ability of someone to create a hierarchical goal list?
A
frontal lobe damage
20
Q
define psychological inertia
A
are people who are poor at starting an action or a behavior, but once engaged in it, they have great difficulty stopping it
21
Q
Patients with damage to which brain area are notorious for “wandering off task”
A
frontal lobe damage
22
Damage to which region of the brain causes difficulty with task switching?
lateral prefrontal regions of the left hemisphere
23
If more than one task set needs to be maintained, which brain area will be active
frontopolar cortex (BA 10)
24
What is the self-ordered pointing task?
test of sequencing ability.
The person is shown an array of items laid out on a page, followed by another page with those same items in a different arrangement. The person must point to a unique item on each successive page, which requires keeping track of which items were previously selected
25
which region of the brain is important for sequencing and planning?
dorsolateral prefrontal regions
26
During the tower of London task, we watched in lecture, which area of the brain was seen to have increased activity?
dorsolateral prefrontal activity
27
What is the Wisconsin card sorting test and what it is used to examine
a classical neuropsychological test where participants are to sort a stack of cards into 4 piles ( based on color, number, or shape), they are not told what criteria cars should be sorted but only when the responses are correct/ not
used to examine task-switching
28
This part of your brain is involved in detecting errors of actions as well as determining the worth of effort required for a task
medial prefrontal cortex
29
What is error-related negativity? When does it occur? What region of the brain is it associated with?
when an ERP signal helps to monitor our performance and detect errors
occurs 100 ms after an error has been made
rostral regions of anterior cingulate
30
What is error positivity? How long after ERN does it occur?
An ERP signal that indicates awareness of an error
occurs at about 200-300 ms
31
what is interoception and how is it located to error positivity?
ability to sense the physiological condition of the body
it is the oops feeling when we realize we've made a big mistake
300-500 ms
32
Response inhibition is an executive function that is associated with which area of the brain?
frontal lobe
33
What is the go/no-go task assessing?
Test in which participants respond by pushing a button when certain visual stimuli appear (Go trials) and withholding response to other stimuli (No-Go)
measures/assesses response inhibition
34
Response inhibition is associated with right or left network of regions?
right-sided network of regions
( right middle and inferior frontal cortex, pre-SMA, and parietal cortex)
35
What is the stop signal task assessing? Is this task the same as the go/no-go task?
asses how fast the person responds to a stimulus that appears on the screen
not the same as the go/no-go task
36
What is interference resolution and how is it connected to response inhibition?
ability to resolve conflict between competing or distracting information
(haven't answered second part)
37
How is the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex involved in rules and inference?
plays a role in retrieving stored knowledge that allows the retrieval of rules
38
How is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in rules and inference?
selects or influences how rules should be used not involved in actually selecting the rules
39
Which brain system is proposed to allow novel stimuli to capture your attention?
the ventral attentional system
39
Someone with orbitofrontal damage will have what higher order thinking symptoms?
impedes the ability to exhibit normal reversal learning- REVERSES A PREVIOUS RESPONSE
40
What role does the frontopolar cortex play in judgement and decision making?
important for abandoning the current strategy and trying a new one
thinks about " the road not taken" in reference to the current course of action
41
in a reversal trial, after learning to press the right-hand key when a blue light appears and a left hand key when a yellow light appears one would have to press the right hand key when the yellow light appears and left hand key when the blue light appears. What structure is damaged
orbitofrontal is damaged
42
Neurons in this brain area can distinguish between tasks that have just been accomplished versus tasks that are about to be performed. Name the structure
neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex
43
What are the 4 categories of attention
alertness and arousal
vigilance
selective attention
divided attention
44
alertness and arousal is associated with and give an example
most basic levels of attention
EX: abilities impaired when you are tired
45
vigilance is associated with and give an example
ability to maintain alertness continuously over time
EX: paying attention over an entire 1 hour class period
46
selective attention is associated with and give an example
the selection of information essential to a task
EX: trying to attend to a conversation while ignoring the music in the background
47
divided attention is associated with and give an example
multitasking when attention is split across tasks
EX: driving and holding a convo at the same time
48
Which brain system is responsible for overall arousal and controls sleep-wake cycles?
ascending reticular activating system
49
coma results when what specific structure is damaged/disrupted
ascending reticular activating system
50
what are the differences between the dorsal and ventral system of the ARAS ?
Dorsal:
- projects to the cortex via thalamus
- relies on the NT ACh
Ventral System:
- projects to the cortex via basal forebrain
- one branch originating in raphe relies on NT 5HT
- other branch originating in locus coeruleus relies on NE
51
Which regions of the thalamus are involved in the function of mediating arousal?
medial dorsal, intralaminar, and reticular nuclei (Thalamus)
52
Thalamus modulates the level of arousal via what NT
excitatory NT glutamate
53
Damage to the thalamic nuclei may cause?
coma
54
Which two neurotransmitter systems play a role in vigilance and sustained attention?
ACh (cholinergic) and NE (noradrenergic)
55
a. How do cholinergic and noradrenergic NT work to maintain a role in vigilance and sustained attention?
the greater effort required to sustain attention = larger release of ACh
noradrenergic system = helps to alert brain to prepare to receive info
56
what brain structure may act as an interface between arousal and other aspects of attention such as sustained attention
thalamus
57
define bottom-up attentional selection
intrinisic aspect of the stimulus itself causes it to be attended
58
define top down attentional selection
person determines how to direct his/her attention
59
what type of selective attention is shown: you are sitting down in class and a sudden loud sound scares you and catches your attention
bottum-up attentional selection
60
what type of selective attention is show: you direct your attention to your friend
top-down attentional selection
61
What is a saccade? Which brain structure is this action associated with?
an eye movement in which eyes jump from one position to the next with no processing of the intervening visual info
superior colliculus
62
What structure integrates information from the superior parietal lobe and inferior parietal lobe?
intraparietal sulcus
63
Know the differences between a feature search and a conjunction search :
a.How many ‘elements’ are involved in each?
Feature search:
- focuses on one feature
Conjugation search:
- involves two specific features that must be bound together
64
name the theory: attention allows the features of an item at that location to be bound together such as color and shape
feature integration theory
65
What is a salience map and which brain structure helps create this map?
helps to prioritize where attention should be directed ( like a pathway )
intraparietal sulcus
66
biased competition neural mechanisms of selection without attention
- when both stimuli are outside the focus of attention, observed activity is the average of the 2 responses
simple terms : additional stimulus reduces the response to the reference stimulus
67
biased competition neural mechanisms of selection with attention
- when attention is directed to reference stimulus, addition of the second stimulus does not alter the cells response
simple terms : additional stimulus no longer reduces the response to reference stimulus
68
function of dorsal attention stream
prepares and applies goal-directed (top-down) selection of stimuli and response
69
structures in dorsal attention system ( goal directed)
intraparietal cortex
superior frontal cortex
frontal eye fields
70
function of ventral attention system
specialized for the detection of behaviorally relevant stimuli, especially when they are salient/unexpected ( bottom up)
71
what structures compose the ventral attention system
temporoparietal cortex
inferior frontal cortex
anterior insula
72
Alerting, orienting, and executive attention are all different forms of attentional control what are the NT and brain structures associated with each one
alerting: locus coeruleus, thalamic regions and portions of Right Hemisphere, NE
orienting: superior coll., parietal areas and frontal eye fields, ACh
executive attention: basal ganglia, lateral ventral prefrontal regions, and the anterior cingulate, and is thought to rely on dopamine
73
Alerting is one of the subsystems of different forms of attentional control , what is it associated with
allows brain to maintain a tonic level of arousal and to respond to signals warning of upcoming event
74
orienting is one of the subsystems of different forms of attentional control , what is it associated with
aligns attention with sensory signals and selects among multiple sensory inputs
75
executive attention is one of the subsystems of different forms of attentional control , what is it associated with
controls how attention is directed according to an individual’s goals or desires, including detecting and resolving conflict
76
what is the default network
a brain system that is active when individuals are not involved in attentionally demanding tasks
baseline state of brain activity
77
what network works in opposition to the brain regions engaged by attentional demand
default network
78
what is involved in directing attention to internal states , including thoughts and idea
default network
79
what are the three subsystems that make up the default network
core subsystem
medial temporal subsystem
dorsal medial subsystem
80
function of core subsystem of default network and when will this be active/use
allows personal meaning to be constructed from salient info
active when person needs to think about info in reference to themselves
81
structure that make up the core subsystem
anterior medial PFC and posterior cingulate cortex
82
medial temporal subsystem function and when is it active
uses memories to help simulate and imagine novel situation and/or the future
nothing on when it is active
83
structures in the medial temporal subsystem
medial temporal lobe
ventral posterior cingulate cortex
posterior parietal region
84
function of dorsal medial subsystem and when is it active
plays a role in conceptual processing, and
mentalizing, which is the metacognitive process of inferring or reflecting upon the mental states of other people and/or one’s self
nothing in the book over when its active
85
structures that make up the dorsal medial subsystem
superior and inferior frontal cortex
anterior insula
temporoparietal junction
anterior ventral temporal regions
86
What is the typical manifestation of hemineglect? Damage to which area causes this?
right hemisphere lesions
fail to notice items on left side of the world (spatial neglect)
fail to draw the left side of objects (allocentric neglect)
fail to use the left side of the body (personal neglect)
87
What is hemineglect? Is the whole view of vision affected, contralateral, ipsilateral?
a syndrome in which individuals ignore/do not pay attention to, the side of space contralateral to their lesion
88
Know the general idea of treatment for hemineglect
caloric stimulation - introduce water into ear canal --> vestibular canals --> causes eye movements in a particular direction
wearing prisms that later visual world to force them to attend leftward
89
What are the differences in symptoms between space-based neglect and object-based neglect?
- ignores a complete side but able to identify task on side that they are attending to ( space neglect)
- items are circled across both sides of space , not able to recognize correctly what objects are complete/incomplete ( object based neglect)
90
specific episodes characteristics
encodes and stores specific events
uniquely combines many different specific different pieces of info to identify a unique event
rate of learning is quick and representation must be discrete from prior instances
supported by hippocampal system
91
what kind of learning/episode is this an example off, you are walking into the garage and remembering where you parked you car
specific episodes
92
characteristics of generalized learning
supported by basal ganglia
rate of learning is slow and incremental ( info accumulated over many diff instances)
generalizes across diff experiences via general statistical learning
general statistical features common across experiences are extracted
93
define retrograde amnesia
impairment in memory for information that was acquired prior to the event that causes the amnesia
94
define anterograde amnesia
is the deficit in learning new information after the onset of amnesia
95
define ribots law
effect that states that there is a greater compromise of more recent memories than more remote memories
96
characteristics of retrograde amnesia
temporal extent can vary greatly across individuals from minutes to decades
greater damage to hippocampal regions = greater length of retrograde amnesia
97
define working memory
is the ability to hold a limited amount of information on-line over the short term while the info is being actively used/processed
98
Patients with amnesia will have some spared memory. What types of memory are spared?
working memory
skill learning
99
T/F patients with amnesia cant comprehend episodes and events normally if those events unfold over a relatively short time
F, they can comprehend
100
the memory system that is lost in amnesia is called
explicit memory
101
Declarative memory is associated with which brain structure?
the hippocampus
102
define implicit memory
allows prior experience to affect behavior without the individual consciously retrieving the memory ( or being aware of it )
103
define explicit memory
permits the conscious recollection of prior experiences and facts
104
define procedural memory
support memory of " how" things should be done allowing skill learning
105
What is relational learning and when does it occur
Hippocampal memory system that supports learning (whether conscious or unconscious)
occurs in tasks/situations where performance depends on acquiring memory for the relations among items
106
what is long term potentiation
brief patterned activation of particular pathways produces a stable increase in synaptic efficacy lasting for hours to weeks
107
function of place cells
fire to the relative location within an environment
in the hippocampus
108
function of grid cells
fire when the animal is in certain locations in the environment
in entorhinal cortex
109
function of time cells
provide info on the temporal associations
in the hippocampus
110
The basal ganglia is involved with what type of learning?
skill learning
habit learning
111
The basal ganglia has neurons associated with which neurotransmitter?
dopaminergic neurons
Dopamine NT
112
Under what conditions will dopaminergic neurons fire? (CH.9)
unpredicted reward
113
Under what conditions will dopaminergic neurons decrease firing
when a reward is predicted but does not occur
114
What is contextual fear conditioning?
a fear response is selective to the context/environment in which conditioning occurs
115
How is fear conditioning related to amygdala activity?
helps in learning to associate stimuli with emotional responses
116
Bilateral damage to the amygdala causes what?
wipes out enhancement of memory for emotional information
117
The anterior temporal regions are involved in explicit/declarative memory. What are the two types
semantic and episodic memory
118
define semantic memory
refers to knowledge that allows us to form and retain facts, concepts, and categories
119
define episodic memory
refers to autobiographical memories about specific episodes in our lives
120
What is semantic dementia?
when someone progressively looses the ability to retain semantic information
(unable to comprehend words)
121
Understand the functions of parts of the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal regions:
function of Hippocampus?
helps by ensuring that highly similar and overlapping representations are encoded in a way to make them more distinct
pattern separation
122
Understand the functions of parts of the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal regions:
function of ventrolateral prefrontal regions ?
aids in selecting info that is most relevant for encoding from among many pieces of a given episode
123
Understand the functions of parts of the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal regions:
function of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ?
encodes info when info must be recorded or rearranged
holds together multiple pieces of info at the same time
124
characteristics of consolidation model
- hippocampal system is required to lay down and consolidate memories
- hippocampus aids in strengthening bonds b/w the distinct pieces of a memory trace
125
characteristics of multiple trace theory
- no prolonged consolidation period
- memory is retrieved the hippocampus created a new trace indexed to that event
- memory trace can shift
126
define pattern completion , Which brain structure is involved? Does it involve long or short-term memory?
when one smaller piece of info can be used to reconstitute the whole
hippocampus
long term memory
127
Recognition relies on which parts of the brain?
perirhinal cortex
dorsal medial nucleus
128
Recall relies on which parts of the brain?
hippocampus
midline diencephalic structures
129
The lesion of the left temporoparietal area in patient K.F. led to an impairment in what type of memory?
auditory verbal working memory
130
define input phonological buffer
holds auditory-verbal info received by the listener on line while an utterance being parsed
(it means that while someone is listening to someone else talk and trying to understand what they're saying, their brain is temporarily holding onto the words they've heard in order to understand the whole sentence)
131
define output phonological buffer
holds the phonological code on line as a speaker is preparing his or her own utterance
132
define visuospatial scratchpad
involves deficits in ability to hold nonverbal visual info while performing perceptual analyses of the stimulus array
133
the role of the prefrontal cortex in retrieval
aid in organization, selection, monitoring , and evaluation of processing
attentional and integrative aspects of memory
134
Which hormone may play a role in memory consolidation
NE
135
define short term memory
maintenance of information
136
what kind of memory is the manipulation of such information
working memory
137
what kind of memory involves the important addition of mental work
working memory
138
what kind of memory is know to be the more passive retention capability
short term memory
139
what brain regions are involved in bottom-up attentional selection
Inferior parietal lobe (IPL) of the right hemisphere
temporoparietal cortex, inferior frontal cortex and anterior insula ( ventral attention system)
140
what brain regions are involved in top-down attentional selection
Superior parietal lobe (SPL)
intraparietal cortex, superior frontal cortex and frontal eye fields ( dorsal attention system)
141
What are the two regions of the brain involved in mediating attentional selection?
superior parietal lobe
inferior parietal lobe
142
Which frontal regions are involved in attentional control? When would these areas be activated?
the frontal eye field (FEF) and supplementary eye field (SEF)
activated when the stimulus that is being processed has appeared and is physically present
143
Which regions of the cortex are involved in attentional control and when would they be activated
ventral visual cortex , retinotopic regions of visual cortex , area MT
active when an item appears in a location that is being attended to
144
define shifting-specific factors
ability that allows us to switch from task to task
145
define working memory executive function factor
Allows the system to reset information in working memory
146
What is the Stroop test?
a test that requires one to name the ink color in the face of competing information
(looking for the word red or looking for the color red spelled out on the word look at slide 12 in Ch.11 ppt)
147
Which part of the brain is associated with self-ordered pointing tasks and recency judgement task?
frontal lobe
148
what type of memory is associated with self-ordered pointing task
working memory
149
what type of memory is associated with recency judgement task
short-term memory
150
The right side of the brain is involved in inhibition. Which parts specifically are involved
subthalamic nucleus
Right Inferior prefrontal area
151
how is the subthalamic nucleus involved in inhibition
receives info from right inferior frontal cortex and sends to straitum , INDIRECT pathway
serves to receive signals to determine which function will be performed
152
how is the right inferior prefrontal area involved in inhibition
involved in monitoring the current environmental context , To provide information about how goals can be met
can stop all motor activity , stops one response in favor for another
153
High Order Thinking: role of frontopolar regions
activate for visuospatial analogies as compared to semantic analogies
154
High Order Thinking: role of anterior temporal regions
involved in semantic processing may also be important for analogical reasoning
155
Which task displayed the loss of long-term memory in amnesic patients?
word-stem completion task
