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PBSI 350 > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Damage to which brain area causes amnesia?

A

hippocampal damage

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2
Q

Which famous patient did we study to assess the effects of amnesia?

A

Patient H.M

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3
Q

What type of memory does amnesia effect?

A

long term memory

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4
Q

Damage to the middle diencephalic region may cause?

A

amnesia

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5
Q

define memory

A

group of mechanisms/process by which experience shapes us, changing our brains and our behavior

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6
Q

what is memory for? ( 5 things)

A

details of everyday life

holding info for a short time while we work on it

remembering events of our lives

capturing patterns of co-occurrence

helps us to use the past to imagine the future

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7
Q

define amnesia

A

inability to form most new long-term memories

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8
Q

amnesia results from extensive damage to the regions of what lobe

A

medial temporal lobe

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9
Q

names the structure of the medial temporal lobe that results in amnesia

A

hippocampus
dentate gyrus
subiculum
amygdala
parahippocampal area

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10
Q

T/F amnesia is characterized by a loss of memory that is global

A

T

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11
Q

consequences of bilateral damages to the hippocampus

A

impairment across all types of materials occurs

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12
Q

consequences of unilateral damage to the hippocampus

A

deficits in memory for verbal material after L Hemisphere damage
AND
nonverbal material after right hemisphere damage

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13
Q

which type of amnesia is characterized by a temporal gradient

A

retrograde amnesia

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13
Q

which type of amnesia is associated with episodic memory

A

retrograde amnesia

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13
Q

What is skill learning and is it preserved in amnesic patients?

A

the acquisition ( gradually and incrementally through repetition) of motor, perceptual, or cognitive operations/procedures that aid performance

it is preserved in amnesic patients

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13
Q

Declarative memory is associated with which brain structure?

A

hippocampus

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14
Q

what are the two component systems that influence the choice of behavior

A

contention scheduling
supervisory attentional system

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15
Q

define contention scheduling

A

enables relatively automatic processing which has been learned over time

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16
Q

define supervisory attentional system

A

effortfully directs attention
- guides action through decision processes

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17
Q

how does frontal damage affect the choice of behavior

A

disables the supervisory attentional system

(leaves actions to be governed totally by contention scheduling)

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18
Q

define metacognition

A

ability to reflect upon a cognitive process

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19
Q

Damage to what brain area would disrupt the ability of someone to create a hierarchical goal list?

A

frontal lobe damage

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20
Q

define psychological inertia

A

are people who are poor at starting an action or a behavior, but once engaged in it, they have great difficulty stopping it

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21
Q

Patients with damage to which brain area are notorious for “wandering off task”

A

frontal lobe damage

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22
Q

Damage to which region of the brain causes difficulty with task switching?

A

lateral prefrontal regions of the left hemisphere

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23
Q

If more than one task set needs to be maintained, which brain area will be active

A

frontopolar cortex (BA 10)

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24
Q

What is the self-ordered pointing task?

A

test of sequencing ability.

The person is shown an array of items laid out on a page, followed by another page with those same items in a different arrangement. The person must point to a unique item on each successive page, which requires keeping track of which items were previously selected

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25
Q

which region of the brain is important for sequencing and planning?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal regions

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26
Q

During the tower of London task, we watched in lecture, which area of the brain was seen to have increased activity?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal activity

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27
Q

What is the Wisconsin card sorting test and what it is used to examine

A

a classical neuropsychological test where participants are to sort a stack of cards into 4 piles ( based on color, number, or shape), they are not told what criteria cars should be sorted but only when the responses are correct/ not

used to examine task-switching

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28
Q

This part of your brain is involved in detecting errors of actions as well as determining the worth of effort required for a task

A

medial prefrontal cortex

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29
Q

What is error-related negativity? When does it occur? What region of the brain is it associated with?

A

when an ERP signal helps to monitor our performance and detect errors

occurs 100 ms after an error has been made

rostral regions of anterior cingulate

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30
Q

What is error positivity? How long after ERN does it occur?

A

An ERP signal that indicates awareness of an error

occurs at about 200-300 ms

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31
Q

what is interoception and how is it located to error positivity?

A

ability to sense the physiological condition of the body

it is the oops feeling when we realize we’ve made a big mistake

300-500 ms

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32
Q

Response inhibition is an executive function that is associated with which area of the brain?

A

frontal lobe

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33
Q

What is the go/no-go task assessing?

A

Test in which participants respond by pushing a button when certain visual stimuli appear (Go trials) and withholding response to other stimuli (No-Go)

measures/assesses response inhibition

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34
Q

Response inhibition is associated with right or left network of regions?

A

right-sided network of regions

( right middle and inferior frontal cortex, pre-SMA, and parietal cortex)

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35
Q

What is the stop signal task assessing? Is this task the same as the go/no-go task?

A

asses how fast the person responds to a stimulus that appears on the screen

not the same as the go/no-go task

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36
Q

What is interference resolution and how is it connected to response inhibition?

A

ability to resolve conflict between competing or distracting information

(haven’t answered second part)

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37
Q

How is the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex involved in rules and inference?

A

plays a role in retrieving stored knowledge that allows the retrieval of rules

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38
Q

How is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in rules and inference?

A

selects or influences how rules should be used not involved in actually selecting the rules

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39
Q

Which brain system is proposed to allow novel stimuli to capture your attention?

A

the ventral attentional system

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39
Q

Someone with orbitofrontal damage will have what higher order thinking symptoms?

A

impedes the ability to exhibit normal reversal learning- REVERSES A PREVIOUS RESPONSE

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40
Q

What role does the frontopolar cortex play in judgement and decision making?

A

important for abandoning the current strategy and trying a new one

thinks about “ the road not taken” in reference to the current course of action

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41
Q

in a reversal trial, after learning to press the right-hand key when a blue light appears and a left hand key when a yellow light appears one would have to press the right hand key when the yellow light appears and left hand key when the blue light appears. What structure is damaged

A

orbitofrontal is damaged

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42
Q

Neurons in this brain area can distinguish between tasks that have just been accomplished versus tasks that are about to be performed. Name the structure

A

neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex

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43
Q

What are the 4 categories of attention

A

alertness and arousal
vigilance
selective attention
divided attention

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44
Q

alertness and arousal is associated with and give an example

A

most basic levels of attention

EX: abilities impaired when you are tired

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45
Q

vigilance is associated with and give an example

A

ability to maintain alertness continuously over time

EX: paying attention over an entire 1 hour class period

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46
Q

selective attention is associated with and give an example

A

the selection of information essential to a task

EX: trying to attend to a conversation while ignoring the music in the background

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47
Q

divided attention is associated with and give an example

A

multitasking when attention is split across tasks

EX: driving and holding a convo at the same time

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48
Q

Which brain system is responsible for overall arousal and controls sleep-wake cycles?

A

ascending reticular activating system

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49
Q

coma results when what specific structure is damaged/disrupted

A

ascending reticular activating system

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50
Q

what are the differences between the dorsal and ventral system of the ARAS ?

A

Dorsal:
- projects to the cortex via thalamus
- relies on the NT ACh

Ventral System:
- projects to the cortex via basal forebrain
- one branch originating in raphe relies on NT 5HT
- other branch originating in locus coeruleus relies on NE

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51
Q

Which regions of the thalamus are involved in the function of mediating arousal?

A

medial dorsal, intralaminar, and reticular nuclei (Thalamus)

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52
Q

Thalamus modulates the level of arousal via what NT

A

excitatory NT glutamate

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53
Q

Damage to the thalamic nuclei may cause?

A

coma

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54
Q

Which two neurotransmitter systems play a role in vigilance and sustained attention?

A

ACh (cholinergic) and NE (noradrenergic)

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55
Q

a. How do cholinergic and noradrenergic NT work to maintain a role in vigilance and sustained attention?

A

the greater effort required to sustain attention = larger release of ACh

noradrenergic system = helps to alert brain to prepare to receive info

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56
Q

what brain structure may act as an interface between arousal and other aspects of attention such as sustained attention

A

thalamus

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57
Q

define bottom-up attentional selection

A

intrinisic aspect of the stimulus itself causes it to be attended

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58
Q

define top down attentional selection

A

person determines how to direct his/her attention

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59
Q

what type of selective attention is shown: you are sitting down in class and a sudden loud sound scares you and catches your attention

A

bottum-up attentional selection

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60
Q

what type of selective attention is show: you direct your attention to your friend

A

top-down attentional selection

61
Q

What is a saccade? Which brain structure is this action associated with?

A

an eye movement in which eyes jump from one position to the next with no processing of the intervening visual info

superior colliculus

62
Q

What structure integrates information from the superior parietal lobe and inferior parietal lobe?

A

intraparietal sulcus

63
Q

Know the differences between a feature search and a conjunction search :
a.How many ‘elements’ are involved in each?

A

Feature search:
- focuses on one feature

Conjugation search:
- involves two specific features that must be bound together

64
Q

name the theory: attention allows the features of an item at that location to be bound together such as color and shape

A

feature integration theory

65
Q

What is a salience map and which brain structure helps create this map?

A

helps to prioritize where attention should be directed ( like a pathway )

intraparietal sulcus

66
Q

biased competition neural mechanisms of selection without attention

A
  • when both stimuli are outside the focus of attention, observed activity is the average of the 2 responses

simple terms : additional stimulus reduces the response to the reference stimulus

67
Q

biased competition neural mechanisms of selection with attention

A
  • when attention is directed to reference stimulus, addition of the second stimulus does not alter the cells response

simple terms : additional stimulus no longer reduces the response to reference stimulus

68
Q

function of dorsal attention stream

A

prepares and applies goal-directed (top-down) selection of stimuli and response

69
Q

structures in dorsal attention system ( goal directed)

A

intraparietal cortex
superior frontal cortex
frontal eye fields

70
Q

function of ventral attention system

A

specialized for the detection of behaviorally relevant stimuli, especially when they are salient/unexpected ( bottom up)

71
Q

what structures compose the ventral attention system

A

temporoparietal cortex
inferior frontal cortex
anterior insula

72
Q

Alerting, orienting, and executive attention are all different forms of attentional control what are the NT and brain structures associated with each one

A

alerting: locus coeruleus, thalamic regions and portions of Right Hemisphere, NE

orienting: superior coll., parietal areas and frontal eye fields, ACh

executive attention: basal ganglia, lateral ventral prefrontal regions, and the anterior cingulate, and is thought to rely on dopamine

73
Q

Alerting is one of the subsystems of different forms of attentional control , what is it associated with

A

allows brain to maintain a tonic level of arousal and to respond to signals warning of upcoming event

74
Q

orienting is one of the subsystems of different forms of attentional control , what is it associated with

A

aligns attention with sensory signals and selects among multiple sensory inputs

75
Q

executive attention is one of the subsystems of different forms of attentional control , what is it associated with

A

controls how attention is directed according to an individual’s goals or desires, including detecting and resolving conflict

76
Q

what is the default network

A

a brain system that is active when individuals are not involved in attentionally demanding tasks

baseline state of brain activity

77
Q

what network works in opposition to the brain regions engaged by attentional demand

A

default network

78
Q

what is involved in directing attention to internal states , including thoughts and idea

A

default network

79
Q

what are the three subsystems that make up the default network

A

core subsystem
medial temporal subsystem
dorsal medial subsystem

80
Q

function of core subsystem of default network and when will this be active/use

A

allows personal meaning to be constructed from salient info

active when person needs to think about info in reference to themselves

81
Q

structure that make up the core subsystem

A

anterior medial PFC and posterior cingulate cortex

82
Q

medial temporal subsystem function and when is it active

A

uses memories to help simulate and imagine novel situation and/or the future

nothing on when it is active

83
Q

structures in the medial temporal subsystem

A

medial temporal lobe
ventral posterior cingulate cortex
posterior parietal region

84
Q

function of dorsal medial subsystem and when is it active

A

plays a role in conceptual processing, and
mentalizing, which is the metacognitive process of inferring or reflecting upon the mental states of other people and/or one’s self

nothing in the book over when its active

85
Q

structures that make up the dorsal medial subsystem

A

superior and inferior frontal cortex
anterior insula
temporoparietal junction
anterior ventral temporal regions

86
Q

What is the typical manifestation of hemineglect? Damage to which area causes this?

A

right hemisphere lesions

fail to notice items on left side of the world (spatial neglect)
fail to draw the left side of objects (allocentric neglect)
fail to use the left side of the body (personal neglect)

87
Q

What is hemineglect? Is the whole view of vision affected, contralateral, ipsilateral?

A

a syndrome in which individuals ignore/do not pay attention to, the side of space contralateral to their lesion

88
Q

Know the general idea of treatment for hemineglect

A

caloric stimulation - introduce water into ear canal –> vestibular canals –> causes eye movements in a particular direction

wearing prisms that later visual world to force them to attend leftward

89
Q

What are the differences in symptoms between space-based neglect and object-based neglect?

A
  • ignores a complete side but able to identify task on side that they are attending to ( space neglect)
  • items are circled across both sides of space , not able to recognize correctly what objects are complete/incomplete ( object based neglect)
90
Q

specific episodes characteristics

A

encodes and stores specific events

uniquely combines many different specific different pieces of info to identify a unique event

rate of learning is quick and representation must be discrete from prior instances

supported by hippocampal system

91
Q

what kind of learning/episode is this an example off, you are walking into the garage and remembering where you parked you car

A

specific episodes

92
Q

characteristics of generalized learning

A

supported by basal ganglia

rate of learning is slow and incremental ( info accumulated over many diff instances)

generalizes across diff experiences via general statistical learning

general statistical features common across experiences are extracted

93
Q

define retrograde amnesia

A

impairment in memory for information that was acquired prior to the event that causes the amnesia

94
Q

define anterograde amnesia

A

is the deficit in learning new information after the onset of amnesia

95
Q

define ribots law

A

effect that states that there is a greater compromise of more recent memories than more remote memories

96
Q

characteristics of retrograde amnesia

A

temporal extent can vary greatly across individuals from minutes to decades

greater damage to hippocampal regions = greater length of retrograde amnesia

97
Q

define working memory

A

is the ability to hold a limited amount of information on-line over the short term while the info is being actively used/processed

98
Q

Patients with amnesia will have some spared memory. What types of memory are spared?

A

working memory
skill learning

99
Q

T/F patients with amnesia cant comprehend episodes and events normally if those events unfold over a relatively short time

A

F, they can comprehend

100
Q

the memory system that is lost in amnesia is called

A

explicit memory

101
Q

Declarative memory is associated with which brain structure?

A

the hippocampus

102
Q

define implicit memory

A

allows prior experience to affect behavior without the individual consciously retrieving the memory ( or being aware of it )

103
Q

define explicit memory

A

permits the conscious recollection of prior experiences and facts

104
Q

define procedural memory

A

support memory of “ how” things should be done allowing skill learning

105
Q

What is relational learning and when does it occur

A

Hippocampal memory system that supports learning (whether conscious or unconscious)

occurs in tasks/situations where performance depends on acquiring memory for the relations among items

106
Q

what is long term potentiation

A

brief patterned activation of particular pathways produces a stable increase in synaptic efficacy lasting for hours to weeks

107
Q

function of place cells

A

fire to the relative location within an environment

in the hippocampus

108
Q

function of grid cells

A

fire when the animal is in certain locations in the environment

in entorhinal cortex

109
Q

function of time cells

A

provide info on the temporal associations

in the hippocampus

110
Q

The basal ganglia is involved with what type of learning?

A

skill learning
habit learning

111
Q

The basal ganglia has neurons associated with which neurotransmitter?

A

dopaminergic neurons
Dopamine NT

112
Q

Under what conditions will dopaminergic neurons fire? (CH.9)

A

unpredicted reward

113
Q

Under what conditions will dopaminergic neurons decrease firing

A

when a reward is predicted but does not occur

114
Q

What is contextual fear conditioning?

A

a fear response is selective to the context/environment in which conditioning occurs

115
Q

How is fear conditioning related to amygdala activity?

A

helps in learning to associate stimuli with emotional responses

116
Q

Bilateral damage to the amygdala causes what?

A

wipes out enhancement of memory for emotional information

117
Q

The anterior temporal regions are involved in explicit/declarative memory. What are the two types

A

semantic and episodic memory

118
Q

define semantic memory

A

refers to knowledge that allows us to form and retain facts, concepts, and categories

119
Q

define episodic memory

A

refers to autobiographical memories about specific episodes in our lives

120
Q

What is semantic dementia?

A

when someone progressively looses the ability to retain semantic information

(unable to comprehend words)

121
Q

Understand the functions of parts of the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal regions:
function of Hippocampus?

A

helps by ensuring that highly similar and overlapping representations are encoded in a way to make them more distinct

pattern separation

122
Q

Understand the functions of parts of the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal regions:
function of ventrolateral prefrontal regions ?

A

aids in selecting info that is most relevant for encoding from among many pieces of a given episode

123
Q

Understand the functions of parts of the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal regions:
function of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ?

A

encodes info when info must be recorded or rearranged

holds together multiple pieces of info at the same time

124
Q

characteristics of consolidation model

A
  • hippocampal system is required to lay down and consolidate memories
  • hippocampus aids in strengthening bonds b/w the distinct pieces of a memory trace
125
Q

characteristics of multiple trace theory

A
  • no prolonged consolidation period
  • memory is retrieved the hippocampus created a new trace indexed to that event
  • memory trace can shift
126
Q

define pattern completion , Which brain structure is involved? Does it involve long or short-term memory?

A

when one smaller piece of info can be used to reconstitute the whole

hippocampus
long term memory

127
Q

Recognition relies on which parts of the brain?

A

perirhinal cortex
dorsal medial nucleus

128
Q

Recall relies on which parts of the brain?

A

hippocampus
midline diencephalic structures

129
Q

The lesion of the left temporoparietal area in patient K.F. led to an impairment in what type of memory?

A

auditory verbal working memory

130
Q

define input phonological buffer

A

holds auditory-verbal info received by the listener on line while an utterance being parsed

(it means that while someone is listening to someone else talk and trying to understand what they’re saying, their brain is temporarily holding onto the words they’ve heard in order to understand the whole sentence)

131
Q

define output phonological buffer

A

holds the phonological code on line as a speaker is preparing his or her own utterance

132
Q

define visuospatial scratchpad

A

involves deficits in ability to hold nonverbal visual info while performing perceptual analyses of the stimulus array

133
Q

the role of the prefrontal cortex in retrieval

A

aid in organization, selection, monitoring , and evaluation of processing

attentional and integrative aspects of memory

134
Q

Which hormone may play a role in memory consolidation

A

NE

135
Q

define short term memory

A

maintenance of information

136
Q

what kind of memory is the manipulation of such information

A

working memory

137
Q

what kind of memory involves the important addition of mental work

A

working memory

138
Q

what kind of memory is know to be the more passive retention capability

A

short term memory

139
Q

what brain regions are involved in bottom-up attentional selection

A

Inferior parietal lobe (IPL) of the right hemisphere

temporoparietal cortex, inferior frontal cortex and anterior insula ( ventral attention system)

140
Q

what brain regions are involved in top-down attentional selection

A

Superior parietal lobe (SPL)

intraparietal cortex, superior frontal cortex and frontal eye fields ( dorsal attention system)

141
Q

What are the two regions of the brain involved in mediating attentional selection?

A

superior parietal lobe
inferior parietal lobe

142
Q

Which frontal regions are involved in attentional control? When would these areas be activated?

A

the frontal eye field (FEF) and supplementary eye field (SEF)

activated when the stimulus that is being processed has appeared and is physically present

143
Q

Which regions of the cortex are involved in attentional control and when would they be activated

A

ventral visual cortex , retinotopic regions of visual cortex , area MT

active when an item appears in a location that is being attended to

144
Q

define shifting-specific factors

A

ability that allows us to switch from task to task

145
Q

define working memory executive function factor

A

Allows the system to reset information in working memory

146
Q

What is the Stroop test?

A

a test that requires one to name the ink color in the face of competing information

(looking for the word red or looking for the color red spelled out on the word look at slide 12 in Ch.11 ppt)

147
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with self-ordered pointing tasks and recency judgement task?

A

frontal lobe

148
Q

what type of memory is associated with self-ordered pointing task

A

working memory

149
Q

what type of memory is associated with recency judgement task

A

short-term memory

150
Q

The right side of the brain is involved in inhibition. Which parts specifically are involved

A

subthalamic nucleus
Right Inferior prefrontal area

151
Q

how is the subthalamic nucleus involved in inhibition

A

receives info from right inferior frontal cortex and sends to straitum , INDIRECT pathway

serves to receive signals to determine which function will be performed

152
Q

how is the right inferior prefrontal area involved in inhibition

A

involved in monitoring the current environmental context , To provide information about how goals can be met

can stop all motor activity , stops one response in favor for another

153
Q

High Order Thinking: role of frontopolar regions

A

activate for visuospatial analogies as compared to semantic analogies

154
Q

High Order Thinking: role of anterior temporal regions

A

involved in semantic processing may also be important for analogical reasoning

155
Q

Which task displayed the loss of long-term memory in amnesic patients?

A

word-stem completion task

PBSI 350 (3 decks)

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