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PBSI 350 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What areas make up the ventral visual processing stream?

A

occipitotemporal and temporal regions

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2
Q

what areas other than V1 are involved in the ventral stream?

A

V2
V3
V4

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3
Q

what is the function of the ventral visual processing stream?

A

devoted to processing visual stimuli for object recognition

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4
Q

what are the two trends that are noted in cells that are especially adaptive for object recognition

A
  1. cells in posterior regions fire to relatively simple stimuli but cells further along the ventral stream fir to more complex and specific stimuli
  2. Receptive fields become larger as you move further along the ventral stream
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5
Q

Define Receptive field of a cell

A

the area of visual space to which the cell is sensitive to

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6
Q

How are the receptive field of a cell in the primary visual cortex differ from a cell position further along the ventral visual processing stream

A

cells in primary visual cortex have very small receptive fields while cell further along the stream respond to larger areas of space

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7
Q

A large receptive field allows the cell to respond to objects on the basis of there _________ rather than just the size or location of local contours

A

global shape

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8
Q

Advantage of a large receptive field

A

it allows an object to be identified regardless of its size or where it is located in space

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9
Q

What is a disadvantage of having a very large receptive field

A

some information about an item’s position in space is lost

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10
Q

what stream preserves some spatial information

A

dorsal stream

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11
Q

T/F if the optimal stimulus for an object falls outside its receptive field, the cell does respond

A

F, the cells do not respond

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12
Q

T/F spatial coding is more precise in the ventral stream as in primary visual cortex

A

F, it is not as precise

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13
Q

Cells in the ventral processing stream are often sensitive to

A

Color

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14
Q

Why is it important for cells in the ventral processing stream to be sensitive to color

A

color aids in object recognition since it allows us to separate an object from its background

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15
Q

what is the term that describe how we are able to separate an object from its background using color

A

figure-ground separation

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16
Q

T/F structure within the inferotemporal cortex is more difficult to discern than the structure of primary visual cortex

A

T

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17
Q

What are evidence that indicate cells within the ventral stream appear to code for particular visual categories like faces or body parts

A

columnar structure and cluster of cells

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18
Q

T/F Patients with deficits in object recognition typically have damage that includes areas within the dorsal stream of the cortex

A

F, it is the ventral stream of the cortex

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19
Q

define visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects in the visual modality

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20
Q

what are the two types of visual agnosia

A

apperceptive and associative

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21
Q

T/F visual agnosia is not modality specific

A

F, it is modality specific

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22
Q

What does modality specific mean

A

it only manifest in one of the senses

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23
Q

define apperceptive agnosia

A

difficulty in forming a percept

( data cannot be bound together to allow the person to perceive a meaningful whole)

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24
Q

define associative agnosia

A

basic visual info can be integrated to form a meaningful perceptual whole but you cannot link the particular perceptual whole to stored knowledge

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25
Q

The main difference between apperceptive and associative agnosia lies in

A

the type of visual info that can be processed

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26
Q

people with classic apperceptive agnosia can process what kind of visual info ? What do they lack?

A

crude visual information like color and line orientation

lack ability to derive the more complex visual info required to extract shape info

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27
Q

people with associative agnosia can perceive what kind of ino?

A

detailed info

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28
Q

T/F people with apperceptive agnosia are able to match and copy items and they can extract some information about general shape

A

F, it is associative agnosia

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29
Q

what brain structure damage can be seen in people with apperceptive agnosia

A

occipital lobe and surrounding areas

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30
Q

what brain structure are damage in associative agnosia

A

occipitotemporal regions of both hemispheres and subadjacent white matter

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31
Q

define prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize or differentiate among faces

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32
Q

studies of lesion locations suggest that prosopagnosia tends to occur with damage to??

A

ventral stream of the right hemisphere

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33
Q

studies of lesion locations suggest that visual agnosia for words tends to occur with damage to ???

A

comparable regions of the left hemisphore AKA visual word form area

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34
Q

T/F people with prosopagnosia typically can determine that a face is a face but lost the ability to recognize particular face as belong to an individual person

A

T

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35
Q

Define developmental (congenital) prosopagnosia

A

individuals who appear to be “face blind” without any known brain trauma

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36
Q

Define category-specific deficit

A

inability to recognize/identify a certain category of object even though the ability to recognize other categories of items in that same modality is retained

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37
Q

what disorder does this person have: this person has difficulty in identifying pictures of fruits and veggies but is able to identify picture of human-made objects

A

category-specific deficit

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38
Q

how does category-specific deficit differ from prosopagnosia

A

1) category-specific deficits do not involve differentiating specific individual within a category but rather as a whole category
2) arises from difficulties within the semantic memory system rather than the visual system

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39
Q

Define Sparse coding

A

the theory that a small but specific group of cells responds to the presence of a given object

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40
Q

Define grandmother cell theory

A

idea that there is a particular cell in the ventral processing stream whose job is to fire when you see a particular object/person

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41
Q

T/F grandmother cell theory is an extreme version of sparse coding and is thought to be correct

A

F, it is thought to not be correct

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42
Q

Define Population Coding

A

theory that pattern of activity across a a large population of cells codes for individual objects

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43
Q

define form-cue invariance

A

ability of brains categorization is constant regardless of the form of cue that represents that object

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44
Q

what kind of invariance is displayed: you are easily able to recognize an apple regardless of whether it is a logo on a computer, in a bowl of fruit, or in a painting

A

form-cue invariance

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45
Q

define perceptual constancy

A

ability to recognize objects seen from different angles, positions/sizes, and under different kinds of illumination

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46
Q

define position invariance

A

ability to recognize an object regardless of where it appears in the visual field

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47
Q

T/F An fMRI adaptation model shows us that brain activity decreases/adapts to repeated image but increases again when a new item is presented

A

T

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48
Q

T/F lateral occipital complex is more responsive to shapes than to textures

A

T

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49
Q

what structure shows evidence of perceptual constancy across variations in size and location of the shape

A

Lateral Occipital complex

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50
Q

What structure represents a stage in visual processing in which retinotopic representations are transformed into relatively abstract shape representations that support recognition across variation in size, precise form, and location

A

Lateral occipital complex

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51
Q

T/F LOC responds to visual shapes and it is fairly consistent across variations in size position and precise form of the object

A

T

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52
Q

What is one classic explanation for the debate that is centered around how the brain takes 2D info from retina and created a 3D representation of an object so that it can be recognized from any viewpoint

A

the brain creates a viewpoint-independent 3D representation of an object that is built up from 2D info

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53
Q

Describe the series of events that is based on the idea that brain creates a viewpoint independent representation

A
  1. Primal sketch is created
  2. system deduces relative depth of different surfaces and edges and constructs a representation of what parts of an object are in front/begin
  3. 3D representation of object is developed
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54
Q

define primal sketch

A

a construct of feature that distinguishes dark from light regions and groups them together

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55
Q

define viewer-centered representations

A

is a model of visual recognition in which stored representation of objects are specific to certain viewpoints of those objects

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56
Q

Lesions to the temporal lobe of left hemisphere disrupt the ability to

A

perceive local features but not global (holistic) aspects of an item

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57
Q

Lesions to the temporal lobe of right hemisphere disrupt the ability to

A

perceive global form ( overall shape) but not local form aspects

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58
Q

Define Inversion effect

A

is a phenomenon in which recognition is poorer when an object is turned upside down

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59
Q

What does the inversion effect suggest

A

it suggests that faces are processed as wholes, configurally

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60
Q

define conjunctive encoding model

A

assumes that features are linked together through hierarchical processing

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61
Q

how does the conjunctive encoding model assume hierarchical processing

A

assume hierarchical processing in which lower-level regions representing features send their output to higher level regions representing the shapes that result form the joining of those features

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62
Q

Define nonlocal binding model

A

assumes that a whole object is represented simply by the co-activation of units that represent the parts of the object in particular locations

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63
Q

Function of fusiform face area (FFA)

A

exhibits greater response to faces than to other objects

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64
Q

Function of parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

process visual info related to places in the local environment

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65
Q

function of extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

responds preferentially to images of human bodies and body parts

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66
Q

function of visual word form area (VWFA)

A

responsive to visual representation of words

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67
Q

T/F evidence from other primates , even more specialized cells in the temporal cortex fire only in response to specific aspects of faces

A

F, it is the inferotemporal cortex

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68
Q

researchers have also found that face-specific cells are distributed symmetrically or asymmetrically in the monkey brain? With more cells in the left or right hemisphere?

A

asymmetrically, right

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69
Q

What is the evidence gathered from prosopagnosia that suggests that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects

A

people with prosopagnosia have difficulty identifying faces but can recognize others objects with little difficulty

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70
Q

define the double dissociation method

A

demonstrates that two mental processes can proceed independently of one another and that they rely on different neural substrates

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71
Q

what technique was used to collect evidence from other primates that suggest that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects

A

single cell recordings

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72
Q

T/F dorsal stream is concerned with the “ what” problem and ventral stream is concerned with the “where” problem

A

F, it is the other way around

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73
Q

What lobe is the ventral stream associated with? what about the dorsal stream

A

a. Inferior temporal lobe
b. posterior parietal lobe

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74
Q

Evidence from brain imaging studies [ that suggest that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects] show that posterior regions seem to be important for?

A

perceptual processes that create a configural representation of a face and extract invariants of the face that make it unique

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75
Q

Evidence from brain imaging studies [ that suggest that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects] show that more anterior regions are involved in ?

A

linking a particular facial representation to biographical information about that person

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76
Q

Evidence from brain imaging studies [ that suggest that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects] show that regions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) are involved in ?

A

processing feature of the face that change such as eye gaze and expression, providing critical info for social cues

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77
Q

T/F human imaging studies using fMRI provide a current understanding that there are actually multiple area that are responsive to images of bodies

A

T

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78
Q

face-sensit and body-sensitive subregions of ventral cortex can represent a whole….

A

person

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79
Q

what structure responds strongly to visual scenes such as landscapes, rooms, houses, or streets

A

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

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80
Q

location of PPA

A

ventral cortical region bordering the hippocampus

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81
Q

what area is associated with differentially strong responses to words and must gain its specialization due to experience rather than it being preprogrammed?

A

visual word form area (VWFA)

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82
Q

what are other modalities we can use to recognize objects

A

hearing
touch

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83
Q

define auditory agnosia

A

inability to recognize meaning of sounds

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84
Q

list the three types of auditory agnosia

A

verbal auditory agnosia
nonverbal auditory agnosia
mixed auditory agnosia

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85
Q

Define verbal auditory agnosia (AKA pure-word deafness)

A

words cannot be understood but ability to attach meaning to nonverbal sound is intact ( linguistic processing is normal)

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86
Q

What is the disorder: This person can read, write, and speak normally, but complains that they know a noise has occurred but the speech sounds like a humming noise without any rhythm

A

verbal auditory agnosia

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87
Q

define nonverbal auditory agnosia

A

ability to attach meaning to words is intact but for nonverbal sounds it is disrupted

( patient knows sound has occurred but can’t categorize it)

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88
Q

What is the disorder: a person is walking down the street and a car is honking his horn as warning for this person to move out of the way, this individual hears the noise but does not hurry across the street since the sound was unintelligible

A

nonverbal auditory agnosia

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89
Q

Define mixed auditory agnosia

A

ability to attach meaning to both verbal and nonverbal sounds is affected

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90
Q

define somatosensory agnosia

A

a person is unable to recognize an item by touch but can do so by other modalites

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91
Q

List the two types of somatosensory agnosia that have been proposed

A
  1. person is unable to use tactile info to create a percept
  2. percept is more/less intact but can’t be associated with meaning (aka tactile asymbolia)
92
Q

define tactile asymbolia

A

tactile info can’t be linked to its symbolic meaning

93
Q

Define Tactile Object recognition

A

ability to recognize an object through vision an touch

94
Q

T/F both touch and vision provide information about 3D shape of an object in a way that auditory info cant

A

T

95
Q

T/F tactile object recognition relys on its own sest of unique neural regions as well as activating regions with shared vision

A

T

96
Q

T/F there is evidence that indicated that the LOC region codes object properties that are shared between vision, touch, and audition

A

F, it does not include audition

97
Q

voices of familiar people have been show to activate the ______ more than voices of unfamiliar people, even when no face is presented

A

FFA

98
Q

Auditory Object recognition

A

use of hearing to recognize objects

99
Q

The dorsal visual processing stream projects from primary visual areas to ________ _______ and supports many aspects of _______ processing

A

parietal regions
spatial processing

100
Q

anterior parietal lobe is concerned primarily with

A

somatosensory representations

( primary somatosensory area)

101
Q

T/F Posterior parietal cortex is multisensory and crucial for spatial cognition

A

T

102
Q

what structures are found within the posterior parietal cortex

A

superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule

103
Q

what separates the superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule

A

intraparietal sulcus

104
Q

what other cortical regions are relevant to the dorsal stream

A

MT(V5)
MST ( the medial superior temporal area)

105
Q

what areas contribute to our understanding of motion

A

V5/MT
MST

106
Q

what are the three pathways that project from the dorsal stream to other brain regions

A
  1. connect parietal cortex with prefrontal cortex
  2. connects parietal cortex with premotor cortex
  3. connects parietal cortex with medial temporal cortex
107
Q

The first output path from the dorsal stream that connects parietal cortex with PFC is primarily concerned with

A

supporting spatial working memory

108
Q

The second output path from the dorsal stream that connects parietal cortex with premotor cortex is primarily concerned with

A

supporting visually guided actions such as reading and grasping

109
Q

The third output path from the dorsal stream that connects parietal cortex with medial temporal cortex is primarily concerned with

A

supporting spatial navigation

110
Q

properties of cells in the dorsal stream are most responsive to

A

attribute of visual info that are useful for processing spatial relations

111
Q

cells in the parietal area are not sensitive to

A

form
color
items positioned in central vision

112
Q

cells of the dorsal stream fire in response to a specific …….

A
  1. direction of motion
113
Q

T/F dorsal stream cells fire inward towards the center of visual field or outward towards the periphery

A

T

114
Q

the optimal velocity of movement for stimulating dorsal cells to fire is ….

A

about the speed at which the animals walks/runs

115
Q

cells within the inferior parietal lobe often fire in ________ __________ with planned movements

A

close relationship

116
Q

joint- sensory motor cells reflect the close relationship between

A

spatial perception and action within the dorsal stream

117
Q

list the parts of a 3 dimensions of space

A

vertical dimension
horizontal dimension
depth dimension

118
Q

the retinal images that the brain receives are ____ _____ and the depth dimension must be computed in the ________

A

two-dimensional
cortex

119
Q

T/F trickier to distinguish up from down than to distinguish left from right

A

F, it is the other way around

120
Q

what brain structure is damaged when a person has trouble picking out which animal in the array is mirror reversed

A

parietal cortex

121
Q

depth perception helps us localize….

A

items in the near-far plane

122
Q

define binocular disparity

A

discrepancy between the images seen by the two eyes

123
Q

T/F Depth perception is not crucial to understanding space

A

F, it is crucial

124
Q

define motion parallax

A

based on the fact that as you move through an environment, near objects are displaced more on your retina than objects that are far away

125
Q

What is an example of monocular depth cue

A

motion parallax - perceived by input to one eye only

126
Q

Define frames of reference

A

refers to the idea that we can understand the spatial location of an object with respect to multiple reference points

127
Q

Define egocentric reference frames

A

specifies an object’s location in relation to some aspect of the self ( includes body-centered , head centered, and eye centered)

128
Q

define allocentric reference frame

A

a category of reference frames that specify an object’s location in relation to other objects, independent of one’s own location

129
Q

egocentric neglect is most often associated with damage to

A

right parietal lobe

130
Q

object centered neglect is often seen in conjunction with damage to

A

middle and inferior temporal lobe regions in the right hemisphere

131
Q

define object-centered neglect

A

a condition in which the patient ignores half of an object regardless of how that object is displayed

132
Q

what are the different realms of space

A

personal space
peripersonal space
extrapersonal space

133
Q

define personal spaced

A

refers to spatial position on the body

134
Q

define peripersonal space

A

refer to the spatial realm within arms reach/near space

135
Q

define extrapersonal space

A

refers to the area beyond arms reach

136
Q

define categorical spatial relations

A

specify the position of one location relative to another categorical terms

137
Q

define coordinate spatial relations

A

specify the distance between two locations

138
Q

T/F metric and categorical spatial relations are considered to be independent of one another

A

T

139
Q

what hemisphere is specialized for determining categorical spatial relations

A

Left

140
Q

what hemisphere is specialized for computing coordinate spatial relationships

A

right

141
Q

where is area MT (AKA V5) found

A

at the juncture of the parietal and temporal lobes

142
Q

what area is critically important for perceiving motion

A

V5/MT

143
Q

what area is involved in coding for more complex motion such as optic flow

A

MST ( the medial superior temporal area)

144
Q

What are the two different sources that could provide the visual system with info about eye movements

A
  1. motor regions of the brain
  2. sensory receptors within the eye
145
Q

define corollary discharge

A

a signal to visual areas about the upcoming eye movements

146
Q

how do motor regions of the brain let the visual system know when they are planing to move the eyes

A

they send a corollary discharge

147
Q

how do sensory receptors within the eye muscles provide visual system with info about eye movements

A

provide ongoing feedback about changes in the position of the eye

148
Q

in order to accurately understand whether external objects are moving/still the person must take into account ??

A

the body’s own motion

149
Q

T/F one of the most important function of the ventral stream is to participate in sensory motor translation

A

F, it is the dorsal stream

150
Q

define constructional praxis

A

ability to motorically produce or manipulate items so that they have a particular spatial relationships

151
Q

T/F patients with damage to the dorsal stream have difficulties in spatial construction such as drawing and building with blocks

A

T

152
Q

define optic ataxia

A

inability to accurately point to or reach for objects under visual guidance with intact ability when directed by sound or touch despite normal strength

153
Q

damages to what structure can cause optic ataxia

A

parietal lobe damage

154
Q

T/F optic ataxia deficit is more pronounce in the central visual field than in the peripheral

A

F, other way around

155
Q

Symptoms of damage to ventral extrastriate regions

A

can’t recognize size, shape, and orientation of visual objects

156
Q

Cells in the lateral intraparietal cortex appear to code first for ….

A

location of actual stimulus but then for location of planned movement

157
Q

grasping appears to be supported by what area

A

V6

158
Q

Define route-based strategy

A

represented as a sequence of steps in terms of particular landmarks

159
Q

define cognitive map strategy

A

allocentric understanding of the current landscape

160
Q

what strategy incorporates a mental map of the environment

A

cognitive map

161
Q

define egocentric disorientation

A

inability to represent the location of objects in relationship to the self

162
Q

define landmark agnosia

A

inability to recognize certain landmarks resulting in route based navigation to be difficult

163
Q

damage to what structure causes egocentric disorientation

A

posterior parietal region

164
Q

damage to what structure causes landmark agnosia

A

medial surface of occipital lobe
lingual gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus

165
Q

define anterograde disorientation

A

inability to construct new representations of environments

166
Q

damage to what brain structure causes anterograde disorientation

A

parahippocampal damage

167
Q

T/F people with anterograde disorientation can still navigate successfully around previously known/learned environments

A

T

168
Q

Define heading disorientation

A

inability to recognize ones own heading in an environment

169
Q

head disorientation is caused by damage to what brain structure

A

retrosplenial cortex

170
Q

list the 3 main brain regions that play distinct roles in navigation

A

parahippocampal placce area (PPA)
retrosplenial complex (RSC)
medial temporal lobe (MTL)

171
Q

function of PPA in terms of navigations

A

codes for landmarks

172
Q

function of RSC in terms of navigation

A

determines ones location within a familiar environment

173
Q

function of MTL in terms of navigation

A

contains a map-like allocentric representation of familiar environments

174
Q

T/F PPA is a subregion of parahippocampal cortex involved in recognizing faces

A

F, involved in recognizing landmarks

175
Q

T/F PPA is only part of the dorsal stream

A

F, its part of both ventral and dorsal stream

176
Q

where can we find RSC

A

on the medial surface of parietal cortex posterior to the corpus callosum

177
Q

spatial navigation is disrupted when what brain regions is damage

A

RSC ( retrosplenial cortex)

178
Q

RSC is closely connected with what two other regions

A

Posterior parietal cortex
medial temporal regions

179
Q

a place cell can be found in what brain region

A

MTL specifically hippocampus

180
Q

damage to MTL can cause

A

disruption in environmental navigation

181
Q

when is a place cell active in an animal

A

when the animal is located in a particular place in its local environment

182
Q

T/F a population of place cells can code for the animal’s location anywhere within the environment

A

T

183
Q

head-direction cells fire when

A

an animal is facing a particular direction

184
Q

border cells fire when

A

animal is near a border within its environment

185
Q

the shape of an object is represent by cells in the

A

lateral intraparietal area

186
Q

T/F depth perception allows for 3D understanding of an object

A

T

187
Q

what other role does the parietal lobe have other than spatial functions

A

attention

188
Q

Define aphasia

A

a disruption in the ability to process/produce language

189
Q

what is Broca’s aphasia

A

loaa of fluent speech but speech comprehension is still intact

190
Q

Damage to which area of the brain causes Broca’s aphasia

A

specific region of the left hemisphere

191
Q

typical lesion causing broca’s aphasia is _______ to the _______ _________

A

anterior
central fissure

192
Q

T/F anterior regions are specialized for motor output

A

T

193
Q

Define Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

inability to comprehend speech but can still produce speech output

194
Q

define paraphasias

A

errors in producing specific words

195
Q

list the three types of paraphasias

A

semantic
phonemic
neologisms

196
Q

define semantic paraphasia

A

error in which the substituted word has a meaning similar to that of the intended word

197
Q

define phonemic paraphasia

A

error in which the substituted word has a sound similar to the intended word

198
Q

substitution of barn for house is an example of

A

semantic paraphasia

199
Q

when a person pronounce the word table as fable is an example of

A

phonemic paraphasia

200
Q

define neologism

A

made up words that follow the rules for combining sounds in language but are not real words

201
Q

Damage to which area of the brain causes conduction aphasia

A

arcuate fasciculus ( white matter tract)

202
Q

what does arcuate fasciculus connect

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

203
Q

T/F conduction aphasia is considered a disconnection syndrome

A

T

204
Q

Define conduction aphasia

A

inability to repeat what was just heard

205
Q

Damage to which area of the brain causes global aphasia

A

wernicke’s area
broca’s area
area between them

206
Q

define global aphasia

A

inability to comprehend or produce language

206
Q

define syntax

A

rules of grammar ( how words are put together in sentences)

207
Q

define semantics

A

meaning of language

208
Q

define phonology

A

examines sounds that compose a language and rules that govern their combination

209
Q

In language processing dorsal system is involved in

A

phonological and motoric processing

210
Q

In language processing , ventral system is thought to be involved in

A

word-level and semantic processing

211
Q

compare alexia and agraphia

A

alexia is loss of ability to read while agraphia is loss of the ability to write

212
Q

Do alexia and agraphia occur dependently or independently?

A

they co-occur after damage to angular gyrus

but

they can occur independently

213
Q

give an example of how alexia and agraphia occur independently

A

a person who has alexia without agraphia can write a sentence but is unable to read it

and vice were person with agraphia and no alexia can read but not write sentences

214
Q

Direct route to reading is also known as

A

lexical

215
Q

what is the direct route to reading associated with

A

meaning, without use of a phonological intermediary

216
Q

define surface dyslexia

A

cannot link visual form of a word to its meaning

217
Q

define phonological dyslexia

A

confuse similar sounding words

(meaning can be extracted directly from visual form of word regardless if they are regular or irregular)

218
Q

what is known to have a disruption in the direct route but no in the phonological route

A

surface dyslexia

219
Q

what is known to have disrupted phonological route but an intact direct route

A

phonological dyslexia

220
Q

define phonological agraphia

A

people can manually or orally spell regular and irregular words in dictation but perform poorly with nonwords

221
Q

define lexical agraphia

A

spelling of irregular words is poor but spelling (both manually and orally) for any regular/nonword word is intact

222
Q

The right hemisphere interprets which type of prosodic cues

A

tone of voice ( whether it is friendly, excited, or condescending)

has a role when prosodic info is emotionally neutral

223
Q

define prosody

A

sound envelope of an utterance

224
Q

which term serves as evidence used to represent a distinction between language systems involved in syntax vs semantics?

A

Double dissociation

PBSI 350 (3 decks)

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