EXAM 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What areas make up the ventral visual processing stream?
A
occipitotemporal and temporal regions
2
Q
what areas other than V1 are involved in the ventral stream?
A
V2
V3
V4
3
Q
what is the function of the ventral visual processing stream?
A
devoted to processing visual stimuli for object recognition
4
Q
what are the two trends that are noted in cells that are especially adaptive for object recognition
A
- cells in posterior regions fire to relatively simple stimuli but cells further along the ventral stream fir to more complex and specific stimuli
- Receptive fields become larger as you move further along the ventral stream
5
Q
Define Receptive field of a cell
A
the area of visual space to which the cell is sensitive to
6
Q
How are the receptive field of a cell in the primary visual cortex differ from a cell position further along the ventral visual processing stream
A
cells in primary visual cortex have very small receptive fields while cell further along the stream respond to larger areas of space
7
Q
A large receptive field allows the cell to respond to objects on the basis of there _________ rather than just the size or location of local contours
A
global shape
8
Q
Advantage of a large receptive field
A
it allows an object to be identified regardless of its size or where it is located in space
9
Q
What is a disadvantage of having a very large receptive field
A
some information about an item’s position in space is lost
10
Q
what stream preserves some spatial information
A
dorsal stream
11
Q
T/F if the optimal stimulus for an object falls outside its receptive field, the cell does respond
A
F, the cells do not respond
12
Q
T/F spatial coding is more precise in the ventral stream as in primary visual cortex
A
F, it is not as precise
13
Q
Cells in the ventral processing stream are often sensitive to
A
Color
14
Q
Why is it important for cells in the ventral processing stream to be sensitive to color
A
color aids in object recognition since it allows us to separate an object from its background
15
Q
what is the term that describe how we are able to separate an object from its background using color
A
figure-ground separation
16
Q
T/F structure within the inferotemporal cortex is more difficult to discern than the structure of primary visual cortex
A
T
17
Q
What are evidence that indicate cells within the ventral stream appear to code for particular visual categories like faces or body parts
A
columnar structure and cluster of cells
18
Q
T/F Patients with deficits in object recognition typically have damage that includes areas within the dorsal stream of the cortex
A
F, it is the ventral stream of the cortex
19
Q
define visual agnosia
A
inability to recognize objects in the visual modality
20
Q
what are the two types of visual agnosia
A
apperceptive and associative
21
Q
T/F visual agnosia is not modality specific
A
F, it is modality specific
22
Q
What does modality specific mean
A
it only manifest in one of the senses
23
Q
define apperceptive agnosia
A
difficulty in forming a percept
( data cannot be bound together to allow the person to perceive a meaningful whole)
24
Q
define associative agnosia
A
basic visual info can be integrated to form a meaningful perceptual whole but you cannot link the particular perceptual whole to stored knowledge
25
The main difference between apperceptive and associative agnosia lies in
the type of visual info that can be processed
26
people with classic apperceptive agnosia can process what kind of visual info ? What do they lack?
crude visual information like color and line orientation
lack ability to derive the more complex visual info required to extract shape info
27
people with associative agnosia can perceive what kind of ino?
detailed info
28
T/F people with apperceptive agnosia are able to match and copy items and they can extract some information about general shape
F, it is associative agnosia
29
what brain structure damage can be seen in people with apperceptive agnosia
occipital lobe and surrounding areas
30
what brain structure are damage in associative agnosia
occipitotemporal regions of both hemispheres and subadjacent white matter
31
define prosopagnosia
inability to recognize or differentiate among faces
32
studies of lesion locations suggest that prosopagnosia tends to occur with damage to??
ventral stream of the right hemisphere
33
studies of lesion locations suggest that visual agnosia for words tends to occur with damage to ???
comparable regions of the left hemisphore AKA visual word form area
34
T/F people with prosopagnosia typically can determine that a face is a face but lost the ability to recognize particular face as belong to an individual person
T
35
Define developmental (congenital) prosopagnosia
individuals who appear to be "face blind" without any known brain trauma
36
Define category-specific deficit
inability to recognize/identify a certain category of object even though the ability to recognize other categories of items in that same modality is retained
37
what disorder does this person have: this person has difficulty in identifying pictures of fruits and veggies but is able to identify picture of human-made objects
category-specific deficit
38
how does category-specific deficit differ from prosopagnosia
1) category-specific deficits do not involve differentiating specific individual within a category but rather as a whole category
2) arises from difficulties within the semantic memory system rather than the visual system
39
Define Sparse coding
the theory that a small but specific group of cells responds to the presence of a given object
40
Define grandmother cell theory
idea that there is a particular cell in the ventral processing stream whose job is to fire when you see a particular object/person
41
T/F grandmother cell theory is an extreme version of sparse coding and is thought to be correct
F, it is thought to not be correct
42
Define Population Coding
theory that pattern of activity across a a large population of cells codes for individual objects
43
define form-cue invariance
ability of brains categorization is constant regardless of the form of cue that represents that object
44
what kind of invariance is displayed: you are easily able to recognize an apple regardless of whether it is a logo on a computer, in a bowl of fruit, or in a painting
form-cue invariance
45
define perceptual constancy
ability to recognize objects seen from different angles, positions/sizes, and under different kinds of illumination
46
define position invariance
ability to recognize an object regardless of where it appears in the visual field
47
T/F An fMRI adaptation model shows us that brain activity decreases/adapts to repeated image but increases again when a new item is presented
T
48
T/F lateral occipital complex is more responsive to shapes than to textures
T
49
what structure shows evidence of perceptual constancy across variations in size and location of the shape
Lateral Occipital complex
50
What structure represents a stage in visual processing in which retinotopic representations are transformed into relatively abstract shape representations that support recognition across variation in size, precise form, and location
Lateral occipital complex
51
T/F LOC responds to visual shapes and it is fairly consistent across variations in size position and precise form of the object
T
52
What is one classic explanation for the debate that is centered around how the brain takes 2D info from retina and created a 3D representation of an object so that it can be recognized from any viewpoint
the brain creates a viewpoint-independent 3D representation of an object that is built up from 2D info
53
Describe the series of events that is based on the idea that brain creates a viewpoint independent representation
1. Primal sketch is created
2. system deduces relative depth of different surfaces and edges and constructs a representation of what parts of an object are in front/begin
3. 3D representation of object is developed
54
define primal sketch
a construct of feature that distinguishes dark from light regions and groups them together
55
define viewer-centered representations
is a model of visual recognition in which stored representation of objects are specific to certain viewpoints of those objects
56
Lesions to the temporal lobe of left hemisphere disrupt the ability to
perceive local features but not global (holistic) aspects of an item
57
Lesions to the temporal lobe of right hemisphere disrupt the ability to
perceive global form ( overall shape) but not local form aspects
58
Define Inversion effect
is a phenomenon in which recognition is poorer when an object is turned upside down
59
What does the inversion effect suggest
it suggests that faces are processed as wholes, configurally
60
define conjunctive encoding model
assumes that features are linked together through hierarchical processing
61
how does the conjunctive encoding model assume hierarchical processing
assume hierarchical processing in which lower-level regions representing features send their output to higher level regions representing the shapes that result form the joining of those features
62
Define nonlocal binding model
assumes that a whole object is represented simply by the co-activation of units that represent the parts of the object in particular locations
63
Function of fusiform face area (FFA)
exhibits greater response to faces than to other objects
64
Function of parahippocampal place area (PPA)
process visual info related to places in the local environment
65
function of extrastriate body area (EBA)
responds preferentially to images of human bodies and body parts
66
function of visual word form area (VWFA)
responsive to visual representation of words
67
T/F evidence from other primates , even more specialized cells in the temporal cortex fire only in response to specific aspects of faces
F, it is the inferotemporal cortex
68
researchers have also found that face-specific cells are distributed symmetrically or asymmetrically in the monkey brain? With more cells in the left or right hemisphere?
asymmetrically, right
69
What is the evidence gathered from prosopagnosia that suggests that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects
people with prosopagnosia have difficulty identifying faces but can recognize others objects with little difficulty
70
define the double dissociation method
demonstrates that two mental processes can proceed independently of one another and that they rely on different neural substrates
71
what technique was used to collect evidence from other primates that suggest that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects
single cell recordings
72
T/F dorsal stream is concerned with the " what" problem and ventral stream is concerned with the "where" problem
F, it is the other way around
73
What lobe is the ventral stream associated with? what about the dorsal stream
a. Inferior temporal lobe
b. posterior parietal lobe
74
Evidence from brain imaging studies [ that suggest that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects] show that posterior regions seem to be important for?
perceptual processes that create a configural representation of a face and extract invariants of the face that make it unique
75
Evidence from brain imaging studies [ that suggest that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects] show that more anterior regions are involved in ?
linking a particular facial representation to biographical information about that person
76
Evidence from brain imaging studies [ that suggest that our brain indeed treat faces differently than other objects] show that regions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) are involved in ?
processing feature of the face that change such as eye gaze and expression, providing critical info for social cues
77
T/F human imaging studies using fMRI provide a current understanding that there are actually multiple area that are responsive to images of bodies
T
78
face-sensit and body-sensitive subregions of ventral cortex can represent a whole....
person
79
what structure responds strongly to visual scenes such as landscapes, rooms, houses, or streets
parahippocampal place area (PPA)
80
location of PPA
ventral cortical region bordering the hippocampus
81
what area is associated with differentially strong responses to words and must gain its specialization due to experience rather than it being preprogrammed?
visual word form area (VWFA)
82
what are other modalities we can use to recognize objects
hearing
touch
83
define auditory agnosia
inability to recognize meaning of sounds
84
list the three types of auditory agnosia
verbal auditory agnosia
nonverbal auditory agnosia
mixed auditory agnosia
85
Define verbal auditory agnosia (AKA pure-word deafness)
words cannot be understood but ability to attach meaning to nonverbal sound is intact ( linguistic processing is normal)
86
What is the disorder: This person can read, write, and speak normally, but complains that they know a noise has occurred but the speech sounds like a humming noise without any rhythm
verbal auditory agnosia
87
define nonverbal auditory agnosia
ability to attach meaning to words is intact but for nonverbal sounds it is disrupted
( patient knows sound has occurred but can't categorize it)
88
What is the disorder: a person is walking down the street and a car is honking his horn as warning for this person to move out of the way, this individual hears the noise but does not hurry across the street since the sound was unintelligible
nonverbal auditory agnosia
89
Define mixed auditory agnosia
ability to attach meaning to both verbal and nonverbal sounds is affected
90
define somatosensory agnosia
a person is unable to recognize an item by touch but can do so by other modalites
91
List the two types of somatosensory agnosia that have been proposed
1. person is unable to use tactile info to create a percept
2. percept is more/less intact but can't be associated with meaning (aka tactile asymbolia)
92
define tactile asymbolia
tactile info can't be linked to its symbolic meaning
93
Define Tactile Object recognition
ability to recognize an object through vision an touch
94
T/F both touch and vision provide information about 3D shape of an object in a way that auditory info cant
T
95
T/F tactile object recognition relys on its own sest of unique neural regions as well as activating regions with shared vision
T
96
T/F there is evidence that indicated that the LOC region codes object properties that are shared between vision, touch, and audition
F, it does not include audition
97
voices of familiar people have been show to activate the ______ more than voices of unfamiliar people, even when no face is presented
FFA
98
Auditory Object recognition
use of hearing to recognize objects
99
The dorsal visual processing stream projects from primary visual areas to ________ _______ and supports many aspects of _______ processing
parietal regions
spatial processing
100
anterior parietal lobe is concerned primarily with
somatosensory representations
( primary somatosensory area)
101
T/F Posterior parietal cortex is multisensory and crucial for spatial cognition
T
102
what structures are found within the posterior parietal cortex
superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule
103
what separates the superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule
intraparietal sulcus
104
what other cortical regions are relevant to the dorsal stream
MT(V5)
MST ( the medial superior temporal area)
105
what areas contribute to our understanding of motion
V5/MT
MST
106
what are the three pathways that project from the dorsal stream to other brain regions
1. connect parietal cortex with prefrontal cortex
2. connects parietal cortex with premotor cortex
3. connects parietal cortex with medial temporal cortex
107
The first output path from the dorsal stream that connects parietal cortex with PFC is primarily concerned with
supporting spatial working memory
108
The second output path from the dorsal stream that connects parietal cortex with premotor cortex is primarily concerned with
supporting visually guided actions such as reading and grasping
109
The third output path from the dorsal stream that connects parietal cortex with medial temporal cortex is primarily concerned with
supporting spatial navigation
110
properties of cells in the dorsal stream are most responsive to
attribute of visual info that are useful for processing spatial relations
111
cells in the parietal area are not sensitive to
form
color
items positioned in central vision
112
cells of the dorsal stream fire in response to a specific .......
1. direction of motion
113
T/F dorsal stream cells fire inward towards the center of visual field or outward towards the periphery
T
114
the optimal velocity of movement for stimulating dorsal cells to fire is ....
about the speed at which the animals walks/runs
115
cells within the inferior parietal lobe often fire in ________ __________ with planned movements
close relationship
116
joint- sensory motor cells reflect the close relationship between
spatial perception and action within the dorsal stream
117
list the parts of a 3 dimensions of space
vertical dimension
horizontal dimension
depth dimension
118
the retinal images that the brain receives are ____ _____ and the depth dimension must be computed in the ________
two-dimensional
cortex
119
T/F trickier to distinguish up from down than to distinguish left from right
F, it is the other way around
120
what brain structure is damaged when a person has trouble picking out which animal in the array is mirror reversed
parietal cortex
121
depth perception helps us localize....
items in the near-far plane
122
define binocular disparity
discrepancy between the images seen by the two eyes
123
T/F Depth perception is not crucial to understanding space
F, it is crucial
124
define motion parallax
based on the fact that as you move through an environment, near objects are displaced more on your retina than objects that are far away
125
What is an example of monocular depth cue
motion parallax - perceived by input to one eye only
126
Define frames of reference
refers to the idea that we can understand the spatial location of an object with respect to multiple reference points
127
Define egocentric reference frames
specifies an object's location in relation to some aspect of the self ( includes body-centered , head centered, and eye centered)
128
define allocentric reference frame
a category of reference frames that specify an object's location in relation to other objects, independent of one's own location
129
egocentric neglect is most often associated with damage to
right parietal lobe
130
object centered neglect is often seen in conjunction with damage to
middle and inferior temporal lobe regions in the right hemisphere
131
define object-centered neglect
a condition in which the patient ignores half of an object regardless of how that object is displayed
132
what are the different realms of space
personal space
peripersonal space
extrapersonal space
133
define personal spaced
refers to spatial position on the body
134
define peripersonal space
refer to the spatial realm within arms reach/near space
135
define extrapersonal space
refers to the area beyond arms reach
136
define categorical spatial relations
specify the position of one location relative to another categorical terms
137
define coordinate spatial relations
specify the distance between two locations
138
T/F metric and categorical spatial relations are considered to be independent of one another
T
139
what hemisphere is specialized for determining categorical spatial relations
Left
140
what hemisphere is specialized for computing coordinate spatial relationships
right
141
where is area MT (AKA V5) found
at the juncture of the parietal and temporal lobes
142
what area is critically important for perceiving motion
V5/MT
143
what area is involved in coding for more complex motion such as optic flow
MST ( the medial superior temporal area)
144
What are the two different sources that could provide the visual system with info about eye movements
1. motor regions of the brain
2. sensory receptors within the eye
145
define corollary discharge
a signal to visual areas about the upcoming eye movements
146
how do motor regions of the brain let the visual system know when they are planing to move the eyes
they send a corollary discharge
147
how do sensory receptors within the eye muscles provide visual system with info about eye movements
provide ongoing feedback about changes in the position of the eye
148
in order to accurately understand whether external objects are moving/still the person must take into account ??
the body's own motion
149
T/F one of the most important function of the ventral stream is to participate in sensory motor translation
F, it is the dorsal stream
150
define constructional praxis
ability to motorically produce or manipulate items so that they have a particular spatial relationships
151
T/F patients with damage to the dorsal stream have difficulties in spatial construction such as drawing and building with blocks
T
152
define optic ataxia
inability to accurately point to or reach for objects under visual guidance with intact ability when directed by sound or touch despite normal strength
153
damages to what structure can cause optic ataxia
parietal lobe damage
154
T/F optic ataxia deficit is more pronounce in the central visual field than in the peripheral
F, other way around
155
Symptoms of damage to ventral extrastriate regions
can't recognize size, shape, and orientation of visual objects
156
Cells in the lateral intraparietal cortex appear to code first for ....
location of actual stimulus but then for location of planned movement
157
grasping appears to be supported by what area
V6
158
Define route-based strategy
represented as a sequence of steps in terms of particular landmarks
159
define cognitive map strategy
allocentric understanding of the current landscape
160
what strategy incorporates a mental map of the environment
cognitive map
161
define egocentric disorientation
inability to represent the location of objects in relationship to the self
162
define landmark agnosia
inability to recognize certain landmarks resulting in route based navigation to be difficult
163
damage to what structure causes egocentric disorientation
posterior parietal region
164
damage to what structure causes landmark agnosia
medial surface of occipital lobe
lingual gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
165
define anterograde disorientation
inability to construct new representations of environments
166
damage to what brain structure causes anterograde disorientation
parahippocampal damage
167
T/F people with anterograde disorientation can still navigate successfully around previously known/learned environments
T
168
Define heading disorientation
inability to recognize ones own heading in an environment
169
head disorientation is caused by damage to what brain structure
retrosplenial cortex
170
list the 3 main brain regions that play distinct roles in navigation
parahippocampal placce area (PPA)
retrosplenial complex (RSC)
medial temporal lobe (MTL)
171
function of PPA in terms of navigations
codes for landmarks
172
function of RSC in terms of navigation
determines ones location within a familiar environment
173
function of MTL in terms of navigation
contains a map-like allocentric representation of familiar environments
174
T/F PPA is a subregion of parahippocampal cortex involved in recognizing faces
F, involved in recognizing landmarks
175
T/F PPA is only part of the dorsal stream
F, its part of both ventral and dorsal stream
176
where can we find RSC
on the medial surface of parietal cortex posterior to the corpus callosum
177
spatial navigation is disrupted when what brain regions is damage
RSC ( retrosplenial cortex)
178
RSC is closely connected with what two other regions
Posterior parietal cortex
medial temporal regions
179
a place cell can be found in what brain region
MTL specifically hippocampus
180
damage to MTL can cause
disruption in environmental navigation
181
when is a place cell active in an animal
when the animal is located in a particular place in its local environment
182
T/F a population of place cells can code for the animal's location anywhere within the environment
T
183
head-direction cells fire when
an animal is facing a particular direction
184
border cells fire when
animal is near a border within its environment
185
the shape of an object is represent by cells in the
lateral intraparietal area
186
T/F depth perception allows for 3D understanding of an object
T
187
what other role does the parietal lobe have other than spatial functions
attention
188
Define aphasia
a disruption in the ability to process/produce language
189
what is Broca's aphasia
loaa of fluent speech but speech comprehension is still intact
190
Damage to which area of the brain causes Broca’s aphasia
specific region of the left hemisphere
191
typical lesion causing broca's aphasia is _______ to the _______ _________
anterior
central fissure
192
T/F anterior regions are specialized for motor output
T
193
Define Wernicke's Aphasia
inability to comprehend speech but can still produce speech output
194
define paraphasias
errors in producing specific words
195
list the three types of paraphasias
semantic
phonemic
neologisms
196
define semantic paraphasia
error in which the substituted word has a meaning similar to that of the intended word
197
define phonemic paraphasia
error in which the substituted word has a sound similar to the intended word
198
substitution of barn for house is an example of
semantic paraphasia
199
when a person pronounce the word table as fable is an example of
phonemic paraphasia
200
define neologism
made up words that follow the rules for combining sounds in language but are not real words
201
Damage to which area of the brain causes conduction aphasia
arcuate fasciculus ( white matter tract)
202
what does arcuate fasciculus connect
Broca's and Wernicke's areas
203
T/F conduction aphasia is considered a disconnection syndrome
T
204
Define conduction aphasia
inability to repeat what was just heard
205
Damage to which area of the brain causes global aphasia
wernicke's area
broca's area
area between them
206
define global aphasia
inability to comprehend or produce language
206
define syntax
rules of grammar ( how words are put together in sentences)
207
define semantics
meaning of language
208
define phonology
examines sounds that compose a language and rules that govern their combination
209
In language processing dorsal system is involved in
phonological and motoric processing
210
In language processing , ventral system is thought to be involved in
word-level and semantic processing
211
compare alexia and agraphia
alexia is loss of ability to read while agraphia is loss of the ability to write
212
Do alexia and agraphia occur dependently or independently?
they co-occur after damage to angular gyrus
but
they can occur independently
213
give an example of how alexia and agraphia occur independently
a person who has alexia without agraphia can write a sentence but is unable to read it
and vice were person with agraphia and no alexia can read but not write sentences
214
Direct route to reading is also known as
lexical
215
what is the direct route to reading associated with
meaning, without use of a phonological intermediary
216
define surface dyslexia
cannot link visual form of a word to its meaning
217
define phonological dyslexia
confuse similar sounding words
(meaning can be extracted directly from visual form of word regardless if they are regular or irregular)
218
what is known to have a disruption in the direct route but no in the phonological route
surface dyslexia
219
what is known to have disrupted phonological route but an intact direct route
phonological dyslexia
220
define phonological agraphia
people can manually or orally spell regular and irregular words in dictation but perform poorly with nonwords
221
define lexical agraphia
spelling of irregular words is poor but spelling (both manually and orally) for any regular/nonword word is intact
222
The right hemisphere interprets which type of prosodic cues
tone of voice ( whether it is friendly, excited, or condescending)
has a role when prosodic info is emotionally neutral
223
define prosody
sound envelope of an utterance
224
which term serves as evidence used to represent a distinction between language systems involved in syntax vs semantics?
Double dissociation
