exam 4 Flashcards
(21 cards)
two types of small reglatory RNAs
siRNA and miRNA
posttranslational modification is
the modificathion after translation of proteins in ways that regulate their structure and function
chromatin remodeling
process in which the nucleosomes are repositioned to expose stretches of DNA to the nuclear enviorment
transcription factors are
proteins that help with the RNA polymerase binding to DNA at the begining of a gene
when an enhancer binds to transcription factor what happens
the gene is positively regulated and activated
enhancers bind to __ transcription factors
enhancers bind to activating transcription factors
silencers bind to __ transcription factors
silencers bind to repressive transcription factors
combinatorial control of gene expresstion is
the diffrent possible combinations of various TF’s provides multiple layers of control over transcription ata particular time place and speed
enhancers silencers and promotors are
DNA sequences
epigenetic
above the genes
epigenetic regulation of transcription invloves
changes to the packaging of chromatin which affects how easily genes can be trascribed
epigenetic states are stable/unstable
stable
histones are
clusters of proteins that DNA wraps around to form a chromosome
two waysto remodel chromatin
- chemical changes to histone proteins(adding CH3)
- chemical changes to DNA bases
methylating leads to a more __ chromatin while acetylating leads to a more __ chromatin
methyalating leads to a more CONDENSED chromatin while acetylating leads to a more OPEN chromatin
Endocrine signaling is
signaling from distant cell
paracrine signaling is
between two cells that are close together
autocrine signaling is
when a cell signals to itself
Contact- dependent signalling is
between adjacent cells
signal transduction is when
the receptor triggers a chain of signaling inside the cell
