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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Mutations

A

are passed only to the daughter cellls in the organismand are not transfered to future generations

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2
Q

single cell organisms mutations are…

A

passed onto future generations

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3
Q

A mutation is

A

A mutaion is any heritable change in the genetic material

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4
Q

In prokaryotes transcription and translation occur simultaneously meaning

A

translation begins before mRNA transcription is even completed

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5
Q

In eukaryotic cells mRNAs must be ___ before they are __

A

In eukaryotic cells mRNAs must first be process and transported to the cytoplasm before they are translated

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6
Q

RNA processing steps

A
  1. A nucleotide “cap” is covalently attatched to the 5 end
  2. a poly (A) tail is added to the 3 end
  3. introns are spliced out
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7
Q

A 5’ Cap provides a recognition site for

A

ribosomes to bind

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8
Q

3’ PolyA tails provide recognition site for

A

exporterproteins to bind to export mRNA from neucleous to cytoplasm

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9
Q

A gene includes

A

coding regions called exons and non-coding regions called introns

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10
Q

durring splicing __ are removed from RNA transcript and__ are joined together

A

Durring splicing introns are removed from RNA transcript and Exons are joined together

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11
Q

Spliceosome

A

is the protein that splices introns out of RNA

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12
Q

alternative splicing

A

Alows for exons to be edited and deleted to make diffrent proteins

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13
Q

In mRNA (the mature transcript) the protein coding sequence is present in

A

Exons

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14
Q

the mature mRNA carries the information for a protein in its

A

nucleotide sequence or “genetic code”

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15
Q

mRNA is read from

A

5 to 3

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16
Q

what are Van der Waals forces

A

Van der Waals forces are
interactions between attractive and
repulsive forces that occur between
R groups that become polarized

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17
Q

what bonding occurs between positive and negitively charges R groups

A

ionic bonds

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18
Q

in polypeptides what bonds help stabalizr the proteins structure

A

Hydrogen bonding

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19
Q

what is the covalent bonding between R groups of cystenine amino acids called

A

A disulfide bridge

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20
Q

what type of interactions are there in the quaternary structure

A

primaraly weak, non-covalent interactions such as H-bonding

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21
Q

when refering to a protein as complext it refers to

A
  1. the sumber of subunits
  2. whether subunits are the same or diffrent
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22
Q

in sickel cell anemia what amino acids are replaced

A

glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the primary structure

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23
Q

denatures proteins are ussally __

A

non-functional

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24
Q

functions of DNA

A
  1. storing genetic information
  2. coppying itself
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25
waht are the 3 chemical groups that make up a nucleotide
1. sugar ring with 5 carbons 2. 5' phosphate group 3. base
26
pyrimidines vs purines
pyrimidines are single ringed structures( cytosine, thymine, uricil) purines are double ringed structures ( Guanine and Adenine)
27
pyrimidines
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
28
Purines
guanine and adenine
29
complemetary base pairs attach by forming what type of bond
Hydrogen bonding
30
DNA strands are __ one another
antiparallel this isso that the base pairs match up meaning one strand is 5' to 3' while the other is 3' to 5'
31
what kinds of interactions help stabalize the structure of DNAs souble stranded helix
phosphodiester bonds( sugar phosphate backbone) hydrogen bonding between base pairs
32
true/ false DNA is very chemically stable and regular in structure
true
33
compared to DNA RNA is...
less chemically stable more flexible encoded in DNA smaller in size
34
transcription is
transcription is the process in which a genes code stored in DNA is transcribed into mesanger RNA
35
RNA polymerase reads DNA in _ to _ directions and new RNA is built in _ to _ direction
RNA polymerase reads DNA in 3' to 5' direction and new RNA is built in 5' to 3' direction
36
3 steps od transcription
1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
37
transcription begins at a promoter which is where...
RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind in order to start the transcription process
38
enhancer sequences are
regions of DNA where transcription factors can attach and help to start the process of transcription
39
transcription ends at the
terminator
40
the terminator forms the _' end
the terminator forms the 3' end in RNA
41
DNA is read in the _' to _' direction
DNA is read in the 3' to 5' direction
42
RNA is transcribed in the _' to _' direction
RNA is transcribed in the 5' to 3' direction
43
the job of tRNA is to
carry amino acids to the ribossome
44
true/false tRNA is coding RNA
Flase tRNA is non-coding RNA
45
2 components of tRNA
1. the amino acid attatchment site 2. the anticodon loop
46
tRNA is charged when
tRNA is charged when it atatches the correct amino acid
47
the ribosome is made up of
3-4 diffrent RNA molecules and 52-79 protein molecules
48
peptide chain is built in the __ to __ direction
N-terminus to C-terminus
49
synonymous mutation
A mutation in a single nucleotide that results in no change in the amino acid
50
nonsynonymous or missense mutation
a point mutation that causes the protein to fold increctly
51
nonsense mutation
a premature stop
52
2 phases of activly dividing ells
1. interphase 2. M phase
53
interphase includes
increaseing colume of cytoplasm producing more organelles replicate DNA synthesize more proteins
54
subphases of interphase
G1 S phase G2 phase
55
In G1 phase cells
grow
56
in Sphase cells
replicate genetic info
57
in G2 phase cells
grow more
58
in order for DNA replication to take place
the RNA polymerase must make a short peice of RNA to start the DNA polymerase then build off RNA primer to elongate new daughter strand
59
Helicase is
continuously inziping the double helix
60
the leading strans
Is the daughter strand that is continuously being synthesized the 3' end points twards the replication fork
61
the lagging strand
must be synthesized in pieces
62

MCB (3 decks)

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