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Animal Phys > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Any animal’s most immediate needs are getting rid of _______ and obtaining ________ in that order if __________ , and in the reverse order if ____________

A

CO2
O2
terrestrial
aquatic

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2
Q

______ cannot be actively transported

A

O2

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3
Q

CO2 usually is not __________________ but can be in the form of ________________

A

actively transported
bicarbonate

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4
Q

Diffusion proceeds very _________ over long distances

A

slowly

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5
Q

animals breathe (pump air or water over their respiratory membrane) to increase the __________________ across those respiratory membranes

A

rate of gas transport

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6
Q

Water costs more energy to breathe than air because it’s _________

A

denser

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7
Q

Why do animals have to get rid of the CO2 they produce immediately as it is produced

A

accumulation of CO2 in an animal’s body can rapidly acidify the body fluids and exert other harmful effects

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8
Q

What is the draw and relationship between solubility of a gas in water and temperature

A

gas solubility decreases with increasing temperature

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9
Q

What is the draw and relationship between solubility of a gas in water and salinity

A

Gas solubility decreases with decreasing salinity.

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10
Q

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + O2 (Oxygen)

A

Respiratory gas

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11
Q

The individual pressure exerted by any particular gas in a gas mixture. Each gas in a mixture is that it is independent of the other gases present

A

Partial pressure

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12
Q

flowing through a tube → example: blood flowing through a blood vessel

A

Unidirectional Breathing

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13
Q

back and forth flow, in and out of a blind-ended cavity → example: lungs of mammals

A

Tidal Breathing

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14
Q

the ability to be dissolved, especially in water

A

Solubility

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15
Q

a thin layer of tissue consisting typically of just one or two simple epithelia (i.e., one or two cell layers)—separates the internal tissues of the animal from the environmental medium (air or water)

A

gas-exchange membrane

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16
Q

invaginated into the body and contain the environmental medium

A

lung

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17
Q

located on an exposed body surface and project directly into the surrounding environmental medium

A

external gill

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18
Q

enclosed within a superficial body cavity

A

internal gill

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19
Q

the medium and the blood flow in opposite directions

A

Countercurrent gas exchange

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20
Q

the external flap on each side of the head that covers the gills.

A

Operculum

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21
Q

The development of positive pressure within the buccal cavity of a vertebrate, used to force air into lungs or water across gills.

A

buccal pressure pump

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22
Q

the blind-ended terminations of the branchings of the respiratory tract that form the surface for exchange of gases between the air and the blood

A

Alveolus/alveoli

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23
Q

The smallest-diameter tubes in the lungs of a bird. They are numerous and collectively constitute most of the lung tissue.

A

parabronchi

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24
Q

Expanded, gas-filled chambers connected to the breathing system in birds or insects.

A

air sacs

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25
Q

Why are gas exchange membranes highly folded?

A

The folds greatly increase the membrane surface area which in turn increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen

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26
Q

Identify which animals can be expected to have larger, thinner gas exchange membranes and exactly why

A

Tuna and animals that must acquire O2 at high rates

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27
Q

A type of gill ventilation observed in certain types of fish (e.g., tunas) in which the fish holds its mouth open as it swims forward, thereby using its swimming motions to drive water over its gills.

A

ram ventilation

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28
Q

a sheet of muscular and connective tissue that completely separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

Diaphragm

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29
Q

Any metalloprotein pigment that undergo reversible combination with O2 and thus are able to pick up O2 in certain places in an animal’s body and release it in other places

A

Respiratory Pigments

30
Q

Formed by the combination of heme with a globin protein. Undergoes reversible combination with O2 at the heme loci.

A

Hemoglobin

31
Q
  • The combination of respiratory pigments with O2
  • Oxygenation of this sort is reversible and not equivalent to oxidation.
A

Oxygenated

32
Q

The release of O2 from a combined state with a respiratory pigment such as hemoglobin

A

Deoxygenated

33
Q

the ease with which hemoglobin binds with the O2 molecules it encounters

A

Affinity

34
Q

Any type of hemoglobin found in the cytoplasm of muscle.

A

Myoglobin

35
Q

A hemoglobin-containing cell in the blood of an animal.

A

Erythrocyte (red blood cell)

36
Q

Referring to the O2-carrying properties of blood, a graph of the amount of O2 per unit of blood volume as a function of the O2 partial pressure of the blood

A

Oxygen equilibrium curve

37
Q

A decrease in the O2 affinity of a respiratory pigment (a shift of the oxygen equilibrium curve to the right) caused by a decrease in pH or an increase in CO2 partial pressure.

A

Bohr effect

38
Q

How CO2 is mostly transported in the blood

A

Bicarbonate

39
Q

Blood hemoglobins play important roles as acid–base _________ and participate in blood CO2 transport as well as O2 transport

A

Buffers

40
Q

A state in which the pH of the body fluids is excessively acid.

A

Acidosis

41
Q

A state in which the pH of the body fluids is excessively alkaline.

A

Alkalosis

42
Q

What happens if you have a panic attack and hyperventilate (breathe too fast

A

Respiratory alkalosis

43
Q

What happens if you hold your breath for a long time

A

Respiratory acidosis

44
Q

What happens in diabetics who are producing too many ketone bodies

A

Metabolic alkalosis

45
Q

What happens if you get food poisoning and vomit up most of your stomach acid

A

Metabolic acidosis

46
Q

Slowing of the heart rate during diving

A

diving bradycardia

47
Q

the length of the longest dive that can be undertaken without net accumulation of lactic acid above the resting level

A

aerobic dive limit

48
Q

the thickness of a fluid

A

Viscosity

49
Q

Why do diving mammals compress their lungs?

A
  • they would be mostly storing N2, which can get dangerous → lungs use the O2 leaving N2 left in the lungs
  • Hard to dive/sink holding that beach ball of air in there
50
Q

Why do tiny animals (microscopic animals) not need respiratory systems, but larger animals do?

A

In tiny animals O2 is able to move as fast as needed from the environment to all parts of the body by diffusion. In larger animals however diffusion would take too long to transport materials

51
Q

Explain the difference between concentration and partial pressure, as well as why we care about that difference.

A

Partial pressure takes into account concentration and solubility which is why it can tell which direction a substance diffuses.

52
Q

What type of breathing is the most efficient at removing O2 from the air or water?

A

Unidirectional breathing with countercurrent exchange

53
Q

In what ways did reptiles “improve” the amphibian breathing of their ancestors, and why they had to do so.

A
  • Formation of a multiple-chambered lung –> provide a great deal more surface area of gas-exchange membrane per unit of lung volume which is beneficial since reptiles are know to be very active
  • The lungs are filled principally or exclusively by suction (aspiration) rather than by buccal pressure during ventilation –> freed the buccal cavity from one of its ancient functions, allowing it to evolve in new directions without ventilatory constraints
  • Development of a bronchus —> allows air to flow to all of the multiple chambers in the lung
54
Q

Explain how myoglobin and fetal hemoglobins can “take” O2 from (adult) blood hemoglobins

A

A human fetus obtains oxygen (O2) by pumping blood through vessels in its umbilical cord to the placenta, where its blood picks up O2 from its mother’s blood. The hemoglobin the fetus makes has a higher affinity for O2 than maternal hemoglobin. This difference in hemoglobin O2 affinity aids the transfer of O2 from mother to fetus.

55
Q

Explain the difference between concentration and partial pressure, as well as why we care about that difference

A

Partial pressure takes into account concentration and solubility which is why it can tell which direction it is diffuses.

56
Q

Why do animals need O2?

A

O2 is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain

57
Q

Explain why tiny animals (microscopic animals) do not need respiratory systems, but larger animals do

A

In tiny animals O2 is able to move as fast as needed from the environment to all parts of the body by diffusion. In larger animals however diffusion of O2 within the body occurs through body fluids and tissues and diffusion does work in larger animals

58
Q

Why do animals need to get rid of CO2?

A

Acid builds up in the blood lowering the pH

59
Q

Why is the need for O2 and the need to get rid of CO2 different for terrestrial and aquatic animals?

A

Terrestrial animals have more access to oxygen than aquatic animals

60
Q

Describe the metabolic subdivision that occurs in diving mammals

A
  • one region remains aerobic (heart, brain, lungs)
  • the other becomes O2-depleted and dependent on anaerobic ATP production and an increase in lactic acid build up (muscles)
61
Q

Describe or identify in what ways diving mammals can store more O2 than other mammals

A
  • They store more oxygen in their blood
  • More hemoglobin
  • More blood
  • More oxygen stored in the muscles (myoglobin)
62
Q

Describe or identify the role of lactic acid in the physiology and behavior of diving mammals

A

it is produced by the muscle during prolonged dives and released into the general circulation upon surfacing and the excess build up would cause and increased recovery time

63
Q

Explain why diving mammals normally dive for much shorter periods of time than they are capable of

A

There would be no build up of lactic acid and they continuously dive and recovery time would be shorter.

64
Q

Describe the ways in which bird breathing and lungs are fundamentally different from that of other vertebrates

A
  • Lungs don’t expand and contract air, it is just being pushing through the air sacs
  • Air sacs extend into the bones
  • Unidirectional air flow
  • Cross current gas exchange
  • Membrane is really thin and surface area is higher than any other animals
65
Q

Describe how breathing rate and depth are regulated by chemical detection of CO2, H+ and O2

A

High CO2 in the blood makes you breathe faster and more deeply

66
Q

Describe or identify the similarities and differences between lungs and gills

A

Lungs = air breathing
Gills = water breathing

67
Q

Explain why CO2 + H20 H+ + HCO3- tends to run “forward” in systemic tissues and “backward” in the lungs

A

It goes forward with an increase in CO2 and goes backward with a decrease in CO2

68
Q

Explain what causes different animals to have differently-shaped oxygen equilibrium curves

A
  • endothermy: If an animal is endothermic they need more oxygen in order to maintain their body temperature
  • metabolic rate
69
Q

Why are the carp, earthworms, and fetal lines on oxygen equilibrium curve shifted?

A

They have to have a high affinity for oxygen because they live in environments that are oxygen deprived.

70
Q

Describe the basic structure of the hemoglobins

A
  • Tetrameric (4 structural subunits) → two α-globins, two β-globins, and a total of four heme groups.
  • Its a protein with iron in it
71
Q

What causes the Bohr effect?

A

a decrease in pH or an increase in CO2 partial pressure

72
Q

Explain exactly how respiratory pigments increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

A

Oxygen goes into the red blood cells and then once in the cell hemoglobin binds to it and the oxygen disappears by being dissolved in the plasma. As it is used up, it maintains the partial pressure gradient by continuously removing it or changing it something that is not oxygen

Animal Phys (4 decks)

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