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Animal Phys > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptor Cell

A

a sensory cell that is specialized to respond to a particular kind of environmental stimulus

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2
Q

Sensory receptor Molecule

A

a molecule in a sensory receptor cell that is particularly sensitive to a kind of sensory stimulus, and that participates in transacting a stimulus into a cellular response

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3
Q

Receptive field

A

the region of a sensory surface within which stimulation changes the activity of a particular neuron

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4
Q

Sense organ

A

a complex multicellular structure specialized to detect a particular type of sensory stimulus

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5
Q

Transduction

A

the conversion of stimulus energy into an electrical signal in sensory cells

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6
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

a sensory receptor cell specialized to respond to mechanical stimulation

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7
Q

chemoreceptor

A

a sensory response to a chemical stimulus
includes taste and olfaction

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8
Q

olfaction

A

the sense of smell

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9
Q

photoreceptor

A

response of a sensory cell to light simulation

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10
Q

receptor potential

A

the graded change in membrane potential that occurs in a sensory receptor cell when stimulated

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11
Q

cochlea

A

a part of the inner ear of many vertebrates that contain the auditory sensory hair cells

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12
Q

hair cell

A

a sensory epithelial cell in a vertebrate acoustic-lateralis system that transducer displacement of its apical stereo cilia into an electrical signal

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13
Q

taste bud

A

a collection of epithelial taste receptor cells and support cells on the tongue

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14
Q

where are taste buds in fish?

A

on the skin surface

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15
Q

Pheromone

A

a chemical signal that converts information between two or more individuals that are members of the same species

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16
Q

Retina

A

the layer of photoreceptor cells on other neurons that line the inside of a vertebrate eye

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17
Q

Fovea

A

a central region in a vertebrate retina specialized for high-resolution processing of visual information

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18
Q

rods

A

respond to lower light levels are are used for nocturnal vision

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19
Q

cones

A

respond to higher light levels and are used for diurnal vision and color

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20
Q

lens refraction

A

focuses an image by changing the shape of the lens

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21
Q

sensory receptors are _________________ of sensory neurons, or sometimes, modified __________________ that signal directly to such neurons

A

modified dendrites
epithelial cells

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22
Q

increased stimulus is always “coded” as ______________, no matter what the sense

A

increased action potential

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23
Q

difference between rods and cones

A

rods : are larger and respond at lower light levels → used for nocturnal vision
Cone: are smaller and are less sensitive to light → used for diurnal vision and color vision (cone = color)

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24
Q

sensory neuron

A

convey information to the CNS

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25
Q

interneuron

A

a neuron that is confined to the central nervous system and is therefore neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron

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26
Q

motor neuron

A

convey information out of the CNS to control muscles or other effectors

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27
Q

radially symmetric

A

circle symmetry

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28
Q

bilaterally symmetric

A

identical halves (non circular)

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29
Q

Cephalization

A

the concentration of nervous structures and functions at one end oft eh body, in the head

30
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

consists of all the processes and cell bodies of sensory and motor neurons that are present outside the CNS

31
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

consists of relatively large structures such as the brain and spinal cord in which large numbers of neurons and support cells interact to achieve integrative functions

32
Q

Biological Clock

A

a physiological mechanism that gives an organism an endogenous capability to keep track of the passage time

33
Q

Endogenous rhythms

A

rhythms that continue in the absence of environmental information about time

34
Q

Free-run rhythm

A

the biological rhythm that persists when environmental cues are absent

35
Q

entrainment

A

the process by which a biological rhythm (endogenous) is brought into phase with an environmental rhythm

36
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNs)

A

the part of the hypothalamus of the brain that acts as the master circadian clock in mammals

37
Q

pineal gland

A

a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain that produces melatonin

38
Q

melatonin

A

a compound synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan; influences circadian and seasonal rhythms; promotes sleep

39
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight-or-flight” responses
mobilizes body energy reserves (example: promoting blood flow to muscles)

40
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest-and-digest” responses
restore body reserves of energy (examples: stimulating the digestive function of the stomach)

41
Q

plasticity

A

synapses and circuits –> they change with development, maturation, and experience such as learning

42
Q

Highly complex nervous systems allow for ________________ , but are very ______________ to develop and maintain

A

highly complex behavior
“expensive”

43
Q

bilaterally symmetrical animals have ___________ nervous systems than radially symmetric animals

A

more complex

44
Q

Biological clocks are _______________ and will continue to run in the absence of light, but that light entrains these clocks to the day/night cycle

A

endogenous

45
Q

Where is the mammalian clock located?

A

in the SCN

46
Q

Brains have some _________ of function, but complex nervous systems have a lot of __________ in these arrangements

A

localization
plasticity

47
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

receptors that control touch, pressure, proprioception

48
Q

Vestibular receptors

A

receptors that control balance, body position, and movement

49
Q

photoreceptors

A

receptors taht control sensitivity to light

50
Q

How does the cochlea “know” whether a sound is louder (higher amplitude) than another

A

Louder sounds bend the hair cells’ cilia more than softer sounds

51
Q

How does the cochlea tell the brain that a sound is louder than another?

A

By sending more-frequent action potentials

52
Q

How does the cochlea “know” whether a sound is higher in frequency (pitch) than another?

A

Higher frequency sounds are detected at different parts of the membrane than lower frequency sounds

53
Q

How does the cochlea tell the brain whether a sound is higher in frequency (pitch) than another

A

By sending action potentials from different specific sensory neurons

54
Q

How can animals tell what direction a sound is coming from?

A

sound time difference (arriving at the ears at slightly different times)
sound intensity difference (sound will be louder in the ear that more directly faces the sound source)

55
Q

Since hormones go everywhere, the specificity of hormone action is determined by _________

A

what tissues and cells express receptors for that hormone

56
Q

Explain how animals can identify many more chemicals (smells) than they have olfactory receptor types

A

One receptor can interpret more than one smell

57
Q

The nervous system often controls the release of, and is affected by, ______________ (“neuroendocrine” systems), especially in invertebrates

A

hormones

58
Q

_____________ is a storage form of glucose

A

glycogen

59
Q

_____________ is a hormone that controls glucose

A

glucagon

60
Q

Hormone

A

a chemical substance that is produced and released by endocrine cells, and that exerts regularity influences on other, distant cells that it reaches via the blood

61
Q

endocrine glands

A

A gland or tissue without ducts that secretes a hormone into the blood.

62
Q

neurohormone

A

the recreation of a neurosecretory cell

63
Q

steroid hormone

A

nonpolar hormones synthesized on demand from cholesterol, secreted by diffusion through the cell membrane and circulated in the blood or hemolymph bound to carrier molecules

64
Q

hypothalamus

A

A system of blood vessels in a vertebrate that connects capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary

65
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

in the hypothalamus

66
Q

antagonism

A

when one hormone opposes the action of another

67
Q

insulin

A

promotes the uptake and storage of nutrients and inhibiting degradation of stored glycogen, lipids, and proteins

68
Q

What is the general function of all sensory receptors?

A

to convert stimulus energy into an electrical signal (sensory transduction)

69
Q

protein hormone

A

made of assemblages of amino acids and soluble in water

70
Q
A

Animal Phys (4 decks)

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