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Beef Production > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 nutrients

A

Water
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals

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2
Q

Which nutrient is considered the most important?

A

Water

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3
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

energy

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4
Q

How many different amino acids are found in proteins?

A

20 (10 essential, 10 nonessential)

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5
Q

Explain the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

A

Essential - cannot be made by body and must be fed in diet
Non-Essential - can be made by body and does not have to be fed in diet

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6
Q

List 2 examples of lipids that can be added to cattle diets.

A

Fats
Oils

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7
Q

What is the most important vitamin that needs to be added to cattle diets?

A

Vitamin A

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8
Q

Explain why Fat-Soluble Vitamins are more likely to be toxic than Water-Soluble Vitamins.

A

Because they cannot be excreted in urine.

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9
Q

Write 1 example of a mineral required in large amounts.

A

Sodium
Calcium

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10
Q

Vitamin-Mineral Premixes make up what percent of the animal’s total diet?

A

1%

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11
Q

Which stomach organ in cattle acts as a fermentation chamber?

A

Rumen

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12
Q

Name the carbohydrate found in plant fiber that can be digested by rumen microbes but cannot be digested by animal enzymes.

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

Name 2 vitamins that can be produced by rumen microbes.

A

Vitamin B and K

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14
Q

Name 1 example of a Forage consumed by cattle.

A

Grass hay

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15
Q

In terms of diet selection, cattle are most similar to what animal?

A

Sheep

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16
Q

If a pasture or diet fails to meet all the nutrient requirements, what term is used to describe the amount of missing nutrients?

A

Deficiency

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17
Q

How are the missing nutrients in question 6 corrected in beef cattle nutrition?

A

Supplementation

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18
Q

Which 2 production stages in cattle have the greatest nutrient requirements?

A

Late gestation
Early lactation

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19
Q

What is the most common limiting nutritional factor for cattle?

A

Energy

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20
Q

What is the 2nd most common limiting nutritional factor for cattle?

A

Protein

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21
Q

Explain how protein digestion in cattle differs protein digestion in monogastric animals.

A

The dietary protein is transformed into microbial protein

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22
Q

What does “RDP” stand for?

A

Rumen Degradable Protein

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23
Q

What does “RUP” stand for?

A

Rumen Undegradable Protein

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24
Q

What happens to the ammonia produced by RDP digestion in the rumen?

A

Remade into microbial protein

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25
Q

What happens to the RUP that enters rumen?

A

Dietary protein passes through rumen undegraded

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26
Q

Which protein feed has the highest percentage of RDP?

A

Casein

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27
Q

Which protein feed has the lowest percentage of RDP?

A

Blood meal

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28
Q

What does “NPN” stand for?

A

Non-Protein Nitrogen

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29
Q

Name 1 example of an NPN feed ingredient.

A

Urea

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30
Q

If only 50% of the Nitrogen produced from urea digestion is used to make microbial protein, what happens to the remaining 50% produced in the rumen?

A

Excreted in urine

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31
Q

Besides Urea, name another example of NPN.

A

Biuret
OR
Nitrates

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32
Q

What health problem can occur if cattle are fed too much Urea in their diet.

A

Bovine Bonkers (Ammonia toxicity)

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33
Q

If a diet contains 3% Nitrogen, what is the % Crude Protein (CP)?

A

3% * 6.25 = 18.75%

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34
Q

To prevent wastage of urea, what is the maximum % of urea to include in the diet?

A

No more than 24% of CP

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35
Q

What is the % CP of Urea?

A

287.5% CP

36
Q

Besides Urea, name another feed ingredient in cattle diets that can provide CP.

A

Soybean meal

37
Q

Calculate 24% of 14% CP.

A

14% * .24 = 3.36

38
Q

How does the rate of nitrogen release from urea compare to the release rate from natural protein feeds?

A

Urea is much faster than natural protein feeds

39
Q

What type of tub can be used to slow down the rate of nitrogen release from urea digestion?

A

Molasses lick tub

40
Q

Which highly palatable feed ingredient is added to the tubs?

A

Molasses

41
Q

Where do cattle in the stocker phase get most of their nutrients from?

A

Pasture plants

42
Q

What should stocker cattle be offered if they have nutrient deficiencies that need to be fixed?

A

Supplements

43
Q

To estimate potential nutrient deficiencies from pasture, list 3 pieces of information that need to be known?

A
  1. nutrient requirement of calf
  2. nutrient content of the pasture plants
  3. estimated feed intake of calf
44
Q

What is the easiest way to determine the nutrient composition of common forages?

A

NRC

45
Q

If a steer consumes 2% of its body weight daily from pasture, how many pounds of pasture feed would a steer weighing 500 lbs consume?

A

500 lbs * 0.02 = 10 lbs intake

46
Q

Name the book that contains the nutrient requirements for beef cattle.

A

NRC for beef cattle

47
Q

If a growing steer requires 2.4 lbs CP per day and obtains 1.6 lbs of CP per day from pasture, what would be the protein deficiency?

A

2.4 - 1.6 = 0.8

48
Q

What type of supplement product contains solidified molasses and can be placed on pasture to help fix nutrient deficiencies?

A

Molasses lick tub

49
Q

What type of diets are used in the feedlot phase of beef production?

A

High Grain

50
Q

What metabolic disorder will occur if the diet is suddenly switched from high-forage to high-grain without gradual adaptation?

A

Acidosis

51
Q

What is the normal pH range in the rumen?

A

6.2 - 6.8

52
Q

What are the recommended percentages of forage and concentrate in each of the 4 startup diets for feedlot cattle?
Diet 1 2 3 4
% forage ___ ____ ____ ____
% concentrate ___ ____ ____ ____

A

45 33 20 10
55 67 80 90

53
Q

How long do cattle typically receive each startup diet above (specifically diets 1-3)?

A

1-2 weeks

54
Q

Name 2 other metabolic disorders that can occur secondarily after rumen acidosis?

A

Free gas bloat
Liver abscess

55
Q

How can rumen acidosis be treated?

A

Old be pumped out and new rumen fluid should be transferred from healthy

56
Q

How can liver abscess be treated?

A

Antibiotic Tylan (Tylosin)

57
Q

When is Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) usually observed?

A

Calves transported by truck

58
Q

List 2 symptoms of BRD.

A

Coughing
Runny nose

59
Q

What should be done with feedlot calves that are known to have BRD?

A

Quarantine

60
Q

How is Leptospirosis transmitted?

A

Fluids (urine and contaminated water)

61
Q

List 2 symptoms of Leptospirosis

A

Kidney failure
weight loss

62
Q

What type of parasite causes Coccidiosis?

A

Protist

63
Q

Name one product that can be used to treat Coccidiosis.

A

CORID

64
Q

What organism causes Enterotoxemia (overeating disease)?

A

Clostridium bacteria

65
Q

List 2 symptoms of Tetanus.

A

Difficulty opening mouth
Difficulty swallowing

66
Q

What vaccine can be used to prevent both Enterotoxemia and Tetanus?

A

CD/T vaccine

67
Q

What organism causes Blackleg disease?

A

Sporeforming bacteria

68
Q

How can Blackleg disease be prevented?

A

Vaccination

69
Q

Describe how Anaplasmosis develops.

A

Bacteria that lives inside ticks infect and destroy red blood cells leading to anemia

70
Q

How can Anaplasmosis be treated?

A

Antibiotic oxytetracycline

71
Q

What causes Uterine Prolapsed?

A

Dystocia

72
Q

What should you do if a steer has Bangs Disease?

A

Euthanize and burn carcass

73
Q

Which stomach organ collects ingested sharp objects?

A

Reticulum

74
Q

During Fog Fever (ABPEE), the tryptophan in lush pasture is converted to what harmful compound?

A

3-methyl-indole (3MI)

75
Q

What is the treatment for Fog Fever?

A

None

76
Q

Name a factor during winter that can lead to Prussic Acid Poisoning from Haygrazer grass?

A

Frost

77
Q

What does an acceptable waste management system require?

A

Equipment for disposal

78
Q

Why is an ideal manue disposal system considered unattainable?

A

Differences in land, labor, climate, and management

79
Q

What is compost?

A

Partially decomposed organic matter that can be used as fertilizer

80
Q

Besides feces, list 3 other things that can be added to a compost pile.

A

Straw
Paper
Sawdust
Wood chips

81
Q

What is the ideal pH for a compost pile?

A

6-8

82
Q

Explain why cattle feces is better for compost production than pig feces.

A

More carbon relative to nitrogen

83
Q

What is a lagoon?

A

A basin used to store manure

84
Q

What determines the rate of bacterial decomposition in a lagoon?

A

Outside temp

85
Q

What happens if lagoons receive more manure than the bacteria can handle?

A

Odor will get worse

86
Q

What is the purpose of a slurry tank?

A

Temporarily store manure if lagoon is overloaded

Beef Production (4 decks)

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