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Beef Production > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 nutrients

A

Water
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals

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2
Q

Which nutrient is considered the most important?

A

Water

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3
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

energy

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4
Q

How many different amino acids are found in proteins?

A

20 (10 essential, 10 nonessential)

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5
Q

Explain the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

A

Essential - cannot be made by body and must be fed in diet
Non-Essential - can be made by body and does not have to be fed in diet

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6
Q

List 2 examples of lipids that can be added to cattle diets.

A

Fats
Oils

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7
Q

What is the most important vitamin that needs to be added to cattle diets?

A

Vitamin A

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8
Q

Explain why Fat-Soluble Vitamins are more likely to be toxic than Water-Soluble Vitamins.

A

Because they cannot be excreted in urine.

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9
Q

Write 1 example of a mineral required in large amounts.

A

Sodium
Calcium

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10
Q

Vitamin-Mineral Premixes make up what percent of the animal’s total diet?

A

1%

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11
Q

Which stomach organ in cattle acts as a fermentation chamber?

A

Rumen

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12
Q

Name the carbohydrate found in plant fiber that can be digested by rumen microbes but cannot be digested by animal enzymes.

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

Name 2 vitamins that can be produced by rumen microbes.

A

Vitamin B and K

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14
Q

Name 1 example of a Forage consumed by cattle.

A

Grass hay

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15
Q

In terms of diet selection, cattle are most similar to what animal?

A

Sheep

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16
Q

If a pasture or diet fails to meet all the nutrient requirements, what term is used to describe the amount of missing nutrients?

A

Deficiency

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17
Q

How are the missing nutrients in question 6 corrected in beef cattle nutrition?

A

Supplementation

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18
Q

Which 2 production stages in cattle have the greatest nutrient requirements?

A

Late gestation
Early lactation

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19
Q

What is the most common limiting nutritional factor for cattle?

A

Energy

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20
Q

What is the 2nd most common limiting nutritional factor for cattle?

A

Protein

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21
Q

Explain how protein digestion in cattle differs protein digestion in monogastric animals.

A

The dietary protein is transformed into microbial protein

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22
Q

What does “RDP” stand for?

A

Rumen Degradable Protein

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23
Q

What does “RUP” stand for?

A

Rumen Undegradable Protein

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24
Q

What happens to the ammonia produced by RDP digestion in the rumen?

A

Remade into microbial protein

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25
What happens to the RUP that enters rumen?
Dietary protein passes through rumen undegraded
26
Which protein feed has the highest percentage of RDP?
Casein
27
Which protein feed has the lowest percentage of RDP?
Blood meal
28
What does "NPN" stand for?
Non-Protein Nitrogen
29
Name 1 example of an NPN feed ingredient.
Urea
30
If only 50% of the Nitrogen produced from urea digestion is used to make microbial protein, what happens to the remaining 50% produced in the rumen?
Excreted in urine
31
Besides Urea, name another example of NPN.
Biuret OR Nitrates
32
What health problem can occur if cattle are fed too much Urea in their diet.
Bovine Bonkers (Ammonia toxicity)
33
If a diet contains 3% Nitrogen, what is the % Crude Protein (CP)?
3% * 6.25 = 18.75%
34
To prevent wastage of urea, what is the maximum % of urea to include in the diet?
No more than 24% of CP
35
What is the % CP of Urea?
287.5% CP
36
Besides Urea, name another feed ingredient in cattle diets that can provide CP.
Soybean meal
37
Calculate 24% of 14% CP.
14% * .24 = 3.36
38
How does the rate of nitrogen release from urea compare to the release rate from natural protein feeds?
Urea is much faster than natural protein feeds
39
What type of tub can be used to slow down the rate of nitrogen release from urea digestion?
Molasses lick tub
40
Which highly palatable feed ingredient is added to the tubs?
Molasses
41
Where do cattle in the stocker phase get most of their nutrients from?
Pasture plants
42
What should stocker cattle be offered if they have nutrient deficiencies that need to be fixed?
Supplements
43
To estimate potential nutrient deficiencies from pasture, list 3 pieces of information that need to be known?
1. nutrient requirement of calf 2. nutrient content of the pasture plants 3. estimated feed intake of calf
44
What is the easiest way to determine the nutrient composition of common forages?
NRC
45
If a steer consumes 2% of its body weight daily from pasture, how many pounds of pasture feed would a steer weighing 500 lbs consume?
500 lbs * 0.02 = 10 lbs intake
46
Name the book that contains the nutrient requirements for beef cattle.
NRC for beef cattle
47
If a growing steer requires 2.4 lbs CP per day and obtains 1.6 lbs of CP per day from pasture, what would be the protein deficiency?
2.4 - 1.6 = 0.8
48
What type of supplement product contains solidified molasses and can be placed on pasture to help fix nutrient deficiencies?
Molasses lick tub
49
What type of diets are used in the feedlot phase of beef production?
High Grain
50
What metabolic disorder will occur if the diet is suddenly switched from high-forage to high-grain without gradual adaptation?
Acidosis
51
What is the normal pH range in the rumen?
6.2 - 6.8
52
What are the recommended percentages of forage and concentrate in each of the 4 startup diets for feedlot cattle? Diet 1 2 3 4 % forage ___ ____ ____ ____ % concentrate ___ ____ ____ ____
45 33 20 10 55 67 80 90
53
How long do cattle typically receive each startup diet above (specifically diets 1-3)?
1-2 weeks
54
Name 2 other metabolic disorders that can occur secondarily after rumen acidosis?
Free gas bloat Liver abscess
55
How can rumen acidosis be treated?
Old be pumped out and new rumen fluid should be transferred from healthy
56
How can liver abscess be treated?
Antibiotic Tylan (Tylosin)
57
When is Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) usually observed?
Calves transported by truck
58
List 2 symptoms of BRD.
Coughing Runny nose
59
What should be done with feedlot calves that are known to have BRD?
Quarantine
60
How is Leptospirosis transmitted?
Fluids (urine and contaminated water)
61
List 2 symptoms of Leptospirosis
Kidney failure weight loss
62
What type of parasite causes Coccidiosis?
Protist
63
Name one product that can be used to treat Coccidiosis.
CORID
64
What organism causes Enterotoxemia (overeating disease)?
Clostridium bacteria
65
List 2 symptoms of Tetanus.
Difficulty opening mouth Difficulty swallowing
66
What vaccine can be used to prevent both Enterotoxemia and Tetanus?
CD/T vaccine
67
What organism causes Blackleg disease?
Sporeforming bacteria
68
How can Blackleg disease be prevented?
Vaccination
69
Describe how Anaplasmosis develops.
Bacteria that lives inside ticks infect and destroy red blood cells leading to anemia
70
How can Anaplasmosis be treated?
Antibiotic oxytetracycline
71
What causes Uterine Prolapsed?
Dystocia
72
What should you do if a steer has Bangs Disease?
Euthanize and burn carcass
73
Which stomach organ collects ingested sharp objects?
Reticulum
74
During Fog Fever (ABPEE), the tryptophan in lush pasture is converted to what harmful compound?
3-methyl-indole (3MI)
75
What is the treatment for Fog Fever?
None
76
Name a factor during winter that can lead to Prussic Acid Poisoning from Haygrazer grass?
Frost
77
What does an acceptable waste management system require?
Equipment for disposal
78
Why is an ideal manue disposal system considered unattainable?
Differences in land, labor, climate, and management
79
What is compost?
Partially decomposed organic matter that can be used as fertilizer
80
Besides feces, list 3 other things that can be added to a compost pile.
Straw Paper Sawdust Wood chips
81
What is the ideal pH for a compost pile?
6-8
82
Explain why cattle feces is better for compost production than pig feces.
More carbon relative to nitrogen
83
What is a lagoon?
A basin used to store manure
84
What determines the rate of bacterial decomposition in a lagoon?
Outside temp
85
What happens if lagoons receive more manure than the bacteria can handle?
Odor will get worse
86
What is the purpose of a slurry tank?
Temporarily store manure if lagoon is overloaded

Beef Production (4 decks)

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