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Beef Production > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe how growth hormone affects muscle tissue, bone tissue, fat tissue, and the mammary gland

A

Increase bone tissue growth
Increase muscle tissure growth
Decrease fat tissue growth
Increase mammary gland growth

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2
Q

Give 2 reasons why artificial growth hormone in milk is not harmful to humans

A
  1. Digestive system would break it down
  2. Bovine hormone cannot bind to our receptors
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3
Q

What can free roaming cattle do to increase growth hormone secretion?

A

Increase exercise

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4
Q

In what tissue type does growth hormone antagonize insulin (muscle or fat)?

A

Fat

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5
Q

Describe the process of prenatal muscle development starting with the immature cells in the somites and ending with mature muscle fibers.

A
  1. Immature muscle cells in the somites migrate to the limb buds
  2. Here, the immature cells differentiate into myoblasts when MDP and MF5 are present
  3. Myoblasts fuse with each other to form myotubes which have multiple nuclei
  4. Myotubes produce protein and mature into muscle fibers. The number of muscle fibers is fixed at birth
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6
Q

Why are Belgian Blue cattle more muscular than other cattle breeds?

A

Because they have a genetic mutation that prevents them from making myostatin which means there is no control of muscle growth

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7
Q

Describe the role of satellite cells in postnatal muscle growth.

A

Satellite cells have the ability to divide after birth and fuse into each muscle fiber

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8
Q

Why does muscle growth show a plateau effect when animals reach maturity?

A

Because satellite cells start to lose their ability to divide

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9
Q

How does HGF reactive satellite cells after maturity?

A

Allows them to produce more receptors for igf- 1 which helps increase all division

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10
Q

How do anabolic implants such as revalor-s aid in muscle growth?

A

Increase average daily gain
Increase feed efficiency

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11
Q

How do beta agonists such as ractopamine aid in muscle growth?

A

Increase protein production in muscle fibers
Decrease protein breakdown

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12
Q

Describe why a football player who took a 2-month break from weightlifting can quickly regain their lost muscle mass after returning to normal exercise.

A

Muscle memory
The DNA in nuclei have a record of how muscular you used to be and will try to get there faster

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13
Q

What is the scientific name for fat tissue?

A

Adipose

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14
Q

What specifically are adipocytes filled with?

A

Lipids (triglycerides)

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15
Q

Are most fatty acids in animals saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

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16
Q

What fat is deposited directly under the skin?

A

Subcutaneous

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17
Q

What fat is deposited between muscles?

A

Seam

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18
Q

Which type of cattle are known to have excessive marbling fat?

A

Wagyu

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19
Q

Which gender is most likely to have more fat tissue?

A

Females

20
Q

When do adipocytes regain their ability to divide?

A

Once they have broken down and released their triglyceride stores

21
Q

Which hormone increases the breakdown of free fatty adds?

A

Adiponectin

22
Q

Which hormone causes animals to decrease their feed intake?

A

Leptin

23
Q

What is the main purpose of white adipocytes?

A

Store excess energy in the form of triglycerides

24
Q

What is the main function of brown adipocytes?

A

Produce heat

25
Q

Which mammals are likely to have the most brown adipocytes?

A

Hibernating animals (like Bears)

26
Q

Which adipocytes play a role in fighting infections (white or brown)?

A

White

27
Q

What does UCP1 do?

A

Deactivates ATP production and instead produces heat

28
Q

How do brown adipocytes get their brown color?

A

Packed with mitochondria
Store less triglycerides

29
Q

Where in the body can you find lots of brown adipocytes?

A

Sensitive areas of body (around heart, neck, kidney, liver, spinal cord)

30
Q

Which layer of the embryo do adipocytes come from?

A

Mesoderm

31
Q

Does the number of brown adipocytes increase OR decrease with age?

A

Decrease

32
Q

Does the number of white adipocytes increase OR decrease with age?

A

Increase

33
Q

What is Involution?

A

Shrinkage of mammary gland when lactation is over

34
Q

Explain the difference between apocrine secretion and merocrine secretion.

A

Apocrine - portion of cell membrane is damaged during secretion
Merocrine - no damage to producing cell during secretion

35
Q

Is milk protein secretion an example of apocrine secretion OR merocrine secretion?

A

Merocrine

36
Q

Is milk fat secretion an example of apocrine secretion OR merocrine secretion?

A

Apocrine

37
Q

What are the spherical structures in the mammary gland responsible for milk production?

A

Alveoli

38
Q

What molecules do milk secretory cells assimilate from the blood?

A

Glucose and amino acids

39
Q

What action causes milk to be released from the mammary gland?

A

Suckling

40
Q

What hormone stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells?

A

Oxytocin

41
Q

What event has to happen for mammary gland involution to be reversed?

A

70 days after birth, secretory cells become less functional and milk production declines
Become pregnant again

42
Q

Which 2 germ layers does the mammary gland arise from?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm

43
Q

List the following structures in the order of mammary gland development:
Tree, Placode, Primary sprout, Bud, Hillock

A

Placode
Hillock
Bud
Primary sprout
Tree

44
Q

What is canalization?

A

Formation of hallow canals within primary and secondary sprouts

45
Q

Which hormones stimulate division of cells in the milk ducts?

A

Estrogen and growth hormone

46
Q

Which hormone stimulates differentiation of immature cells into secretory cells?

A

Prolactin

47
Q

Growth factors that affect muscle tissue

A

IGF - 1 – stimulates both cell division and differentiation of muscle cells
Myostatin - inhibits both cell division and differentiation of muscle cells

Beef Production (4 decks)

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