Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
The _______ stage is where the oedipal complex emerges and is where the genitals become the focus for the child’s erotic energy.
A
phallic
1
Q
_______ stages are developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality.
A
Psychosexual
1
Q
The ______ contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved.
- Middle name
- What you had for supper last night
- If I ask…“what did you have for breakfast?” This was beneath the conscious until I asked you.*
A
preconscious
1
Q
The _____________ technique involves getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances they will agree to a larger request later.
A
foot in the door
1
Q
The _____ _______ _______ posits that repeated exposures to a stimulus promotes greater liking of the stimulus.
A
mere exposure effect
1
Q
In explaining failure, the usual actor-observer biases are apparent. But, in explaining success, the usual actor-observe differences are unapparent: Actors prefer internal attributions so they can take credit for their triumphs. This is an example of the _________ _________.
A
selfserving bias
1
Q
If a friend’s business fails, you might attribute it to your friend’s lack of business knowledge, which is an _______ attribution, (a personal explanation).
A
internal
1
Q
Evolutionary theorists assert that humans classify as an _________ when one does not belong to a group or does not identify with a group.
Negative stereotypes
A
outgroup
1
Q
The ________ _________ occurs when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen.
“I’ve never met an honest lawyer”
A
illusory correlation
1
Q
A ________ is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.
A
prognosis
2
Q
Within personality, the stability in a person’s behavior over time is the ____________.
A
consistency
3
Q
_______ is attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.
Doing this usually would make one feel guilty.
A
Projection
3
Q
Your ________ might feel an urge to clobber a co-worker who constantly irritates you, but society frowns on such behavior, so your _______ would try to hold this in check.
A
- id
- ego
3
Q
A ________ _________ indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder.
A
concordance rate
3
Q
________ _________ is the degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally over involved attitudes toward the patient.
A
Expressed emotion
3
Q
A ______ _______ is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way.
A
personality trait
4
Q
The ______ ______ is taken when people carefully ponder the content and logic of persuasive messages.
A
central route
4
Q
__________ schizophrenia is when you have mixtures of schizophrenia symptoms and you cannot be placed in just one category.
A
Undifferentiated
6
Q
The id engages in ______ _______ _______, which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented.
A
primary process thinking
6
Q
Within personality, the behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation is the __________.
A
distinctiveness
7
Q
_______ is a reversion to immature patterns of behavior.
An unemployed executive that has difficulty finding a new job may start making ridiculous statements about his incomparable talents and achievements.
A
Regression
8
Q
You banged up your car,if you blame your fault on:
your carelessness, then your making an ______ attribution
the slippery road conditions, then your making an ________ attribution.
A
- internal
- external
9
Q
______ ______ occurs when group discussion strengthens a group’s dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision.
A
Group polarization
10
Q
________ emphasized unique qualities of humans and their freedom/potential for personal growth.
A
Humanism
10
The **ego** engages in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is rational, realistic, and oriented problem solving.
*Long-range goals that require putting off gratification*
***secondary process thinking***
11
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is where children manifest erotically tinged **desires** for their _opposite-sex parent_, accompanied by feelings **hostility** toward their _same-sex parent_.
*oedipal complex*
12
You failed to get a job: If you attribute your setback to **internal** factors such as your "*inadequate effort to put together an eye-catching resume*," then this is your ______ cause.
unstable
13
The **TAT** is how we study *personality*. If looking at an inkblot, we are looking for the ________ stimuli.
Tat's are guesses
***ambiguous***
15
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure.
*_You_ maintain a **well-groomed lawn** to avoid neighbors' complaints.*
***Conformity***
16
In _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, people lose their memory for their **entire lives** along with their sense of personal identity.
**dissociative fugue**
17
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and to the group itself.
*Group cohesiveness*
18
The _______ stage is where sexual energy is channeled towards _peers of the other sex_.
*genital*
19
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bolsters self-esteem, often you form either an imaginary or real alliance with a person or group.
- Young people may bolster self-esteem by doing this with rock stars
- Adults may join exclusive country clubs or civic organizations
**Identification**
20
According to **Festinger**, _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ exists when related attitudes or beliefs are inconsistent--that is, when _they contradict each other._
*You say....**"I am hard working"** and later you say **"I'm playing hooky from work"***
*cognitive dissonance*
20
With the *schizophrenia* known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, you might remain motionless on your bed for hours on end.
***catatonia***
21
The **ego** is guided by the \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_, which seeks to _delay gratification_ of the id's urge until appropriate outlets and situations can be found.
***reality principle***
22
Adjectives such as ***honest, moody, suspicious, friendly, or anxious*** describe dispositions that represent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
*personality traits*
22
According to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, people are **_less_** likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone.
*bystander effect*
22
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a fear of *heights*.
***Acrophobia***
23
An individual's unique set of consistent behavioral traits is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
*personality*
24
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ are widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions are supposed to behave.
*Social roles*
25
If you are ***_NOT_*** thinking about your *middle name* at this moment, then your *middle name* is contained at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ level, which is below your awareness.
preconscious
27
**Mischel's** personality theory focuses on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Carl Roger's** personality theory focuses on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
- Situational factors that govern behavior
- A person-centered theory
27
**Roger** believed that *unconditional* love from parents fosters ________ and that _conditional_ love fosters \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
- *Congruence*
- _Incongruence_
28
The _______ is an instinctive component of personality that operates according to the _pleasure principle_.
**Raw biological urges that energize human behavior**: *to eat, sleep, defecate, and copulate.*
***id***
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attitudes are covert attitudes that are expressed in subtle automatic responses over which one has **little conscious control.**
*IAT Tests*
*Implicit*
30
If a substance such as cocaine interferes with a person's social or occupational functioning, it is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ quality of behavior that makes it disordered.
*maladaptive*
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of forming impressions of others.
*Person perception*
32
According to **Freud**, fixation at the ______ stage could form the *obsessive eating or smoking* (among many other things) later in life.
***oral***
33
As part of the five-factor model of personality traits, ________ is associated with ***curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, and unconventional attitudes.***
* - Tolerant of ambiguity*
* - Less need for closure on issues than others*
openness
34
The elaboration likelihood model of attitude change proposed by **Riehard Petty** and **John Cacioppo** posits that there are **2** basic routes to _persuasion_.
The ______ route
&
The ______ route
* - central*
* - peripheral*
35
The ______ is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.
***superego***
36
You failed to get a job: If you attribute your setback to **external** factors, the "*bad luck*" is your _______ cause.
unstable
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attitudes are attitudes that one holds **consciously** and can readily describe.
*Explicit*
38
Examples of material that might be found in your _______ include a forgotten trauma from childhood, hidden feelings of hostility toward a parent, and repressed sexual desires.
*unconscious*
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are inferences that people draw about the cause of events, others’ behavior and their own behavior.
Attributions
40
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is taken when _persuasion_ depends on ***nonmessage*** factors.
* - Attractiveness *
* - Credibility of source*
* - Conditioned emotional responses*
**peripheral route**
41
The message is the information transmitted by the source, and the ______ is the medium through which the message is sent.
*channel*
42
**2/10** people in a group are putting in *100% effort*, but the other **8/10 **people are "hiding in the crowd." This an example of the group falling into the pattern of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
*Social Loafing*
43
As part of the five-factor model of personality traits, people who score high in _______ are characterized as ***outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious***.
*More positive outlook on life and are motivated to pursue social contact, intimacy, and interdependence.*
extraversion
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ *involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals.*
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals.**
*Individualism*
**Collectivism**
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ is behaving in a way that's _exactly_ ***opposite*** of one's true feelings.
***Reaction Formation***
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.
**Behaviorism**
49
Your **emotions** or **feelings** such as:
*"Dude, guns make me sick,"* is an _______ component of attitude
**affective**
50
**Adler** asserted that everyone has to work to _overcome feelings of inferiority_, he called this \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities.
*compensation*
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, (to fulfill one's potential) is the highest need in **Maslow's** motivational hierarchy.
Self actualization
53
**Jung** theorized the existence of the \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past.
*collective conscious*
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ schizophrenia is marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from **muscular rigidity** to **random motor activity**.
*Catatonic*
55
As part of the five-factor model of personality traits, people who score high in ________ tend to be ***sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward.***
*Correlates with empathy and helping behavior.*
*agreeableness*
56
The ______ stage consists of efforts to regulate the child's biological urge to poop.
*anal*
58
It is your ________ that may include the train of thought in this text and a dim awareness in the back of your mind that your eyes are getting tired and your are beginning to get hungry.
*conscious*
59
**Self-esteem** serves as a _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
*terror management*
61
Autistic children and their use of language tends to be marked by peculiarities such as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which involves *rote repetition of others' words*.
**echolalia**
62
You failed to get a job: If you attribute your setback to **internal** factors such as "*lack of ability*," then this is your \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cause.
stable
63
You failed to get a job: If you attribute your setback to **external** factors such as "*too much outstanding competition*," this is your _______ cause.
stable
64
**Seligman** proposed that depression is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_, which is *passive giving up.*
learned helplessness
66
If you conclude that you are stuck at home with nothing to do because you failed to plan ahead, you've made an ________ about the cause of an event (being stuck at home).
**attribution**
67
Evolutionary theorists assert that humans classify as an ________ when one belongs to a group than one can identify with.
**Viewed in favorable light**
*ingroup*
69
*If a friend's business fails*, you might attribute his failure to the _poor economy_, which is an ________ attribution, (**a situational explanation**).
external
70
In **Maslow's** hierarchy of needs you can go *back and forth* between needs. Importantly, you satisfy the _______ needs **_before_** the _______ needs.
* - basic*
* - complicated*
72
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ attitudes are conflicted evaluations that include _both_ *positive* and *negative* feelings about an object of thought.
*The higher this is, the more pliable an attitude is in the face of persuasion.*
**Ambivalent**
73
People from ***collectivist*** societies appear to be less susceptible to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, than those from **individualistic** societies.
*fundamental attribution error*
75
**Freud** has a ___________ theory.
**Jung** has an ___________ theory.
**Adler** has an ___________ theory.
* - psychoanalytic*
* -* analytic
* - individual *
76
**Predispositions to act** such as:
*"I vote for gun-control advocates whenever possible,"* is a _______ component of attitude.
behavioral
77
The ______ stage centers on expanding social contacts *beyond the immediate family*.
***latency***
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviors.
* - Intense aggressive urges may be channeled by playing football or boxing*
* - Creative endeavors channeled by painting or poetry*
* - **It is a _healthy_ defense mechanism***
**Sublimation**
79
\_\_\_\_\_\_ involves a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected.
*Caused by excessive gratification or excessive frustration*
***Fixation***
81
A _schizophrenic_ person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show _NO_ emotion at all.
This is known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_ effect.
**flat**
82
A \_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviors.
*Your own mental picture of yourself such as...."I am easygoing."*
self-concept
83
If an attitude is highly *accessible*, the attitude tends to be \_\_\_\_\_\_.
**strong**
84
What causes **groupthink**?
*Group cohesiveness causes **groupthink! ***
86
The \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ technique involves getting someone to commit to a seemingly attractive preposition **before its hidden costs are revealed.**
*low ball*
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a *need for attention and admiration*, a sense entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others.
***Narcissism***
88
An error was made on your bank statement. Your normally a calm, easygoing person, but today you are having a meltdown because you just fixed a similar error last week. On top of that, you have waited in line for 40 min and the bank teller is being rude. Because observers are not aware that you are NOT your normal self, a _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ error takes place.
*fundamental attribution*
89
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proposes that male and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.
*matching hypothesis*
90
In \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the various personalities report they are unaware of each other.
*A shy person may have an extraverted alternate personality.*
**dissociative identity disorder**
91
**Maslow** proposed that human motives are organized into a _______ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which _basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused_.
hiearchy of needs
93
The **id** operates according to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which demands ***immediate gratification*** of its urges.
**pleasure principle**
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ is the degree to which subjects' mortality is prominent in their minds.
*Mortality salience*
95
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is prevalent in ***individualistic*** societies where one is motivated to impress others.
selfserving bias
97
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a *diminished ability to experience pleasure.*
**anhedonia**
98
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a fear of going out to *public places*.
***Agoraphobia***
100
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.
*medical model*
101
**Jung** called *ancestral memories *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.
*Manifested in cultures' use of symbols.*
archetypes
102
In \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ schizophrenia, _aimless_ *babbling* and *giggling* occurs.
**Delusions often focus on bodily functions such as "*my brain is melting*."**
disorganized
104
According to **Freud**, the most basic and widely used defense mechanism is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is the keeping of distressed thoughts buried in the unconscious.
*repression*
106
According to **Skinner's** view, people show some consistent patterns of behavior because they have some stable \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that they have acquired through experience.
*response tendencies*
107
The \_\_\_\_\_ is a personality structure of **long-term gratification**.
ego
108
The _____ stage consists of *biting, sucking, and chewing*.
***oral***
109
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.
***Etiology***
110
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ are unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.
***Defense mechanisms***
111
As part of the five-factor model of personality traits, people who score high in ________ tend to be ***diligent, disciplined, well-organized, punctual, and dependable***.
* - Strong self-discipline*
* - Ability to regulate oneself effectively*
*conscientousness*
112
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is diverting emotional feelings (usually angry) from their original source to a substitute target.
***Your boss gives you a hard time so you come home and slam the door, kick the dog, or scream at your spouse.***
*Displacement*
113
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.
**Social psychology**
114
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ disorders encompass a class of disorders marked by:
- *delusions*
- **hallucinations**
- *disorganized speech*
- **deterioration of adaptive behavior**
_Schizophrenic_
115
A **belief** or **idea** such as:
*"Yo man, gun owners end up shooting themselves more often than they shoot thieves,"* is a ______ component of attitude.
**cognitive**
117
**Maslow** was interested in _____ *personality* and how _motives_ are ordered \_\_\_\_\_\_.
*healthy*
_hierachially_
118
The _____________ hypothesis of *schizophrenia* asserts that schizophrenia is caused by:
**Disruptions in the normal maturational process of the brain before or at birth**
&
**Viral Infections or malnutrition during prenatal development**
*neurodevelopmental*
119
\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a *reduction* in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves.
**Social loafing**
120
*You make yourself _look_* more successful by driving a fancy car. This is an example of: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Overcompensation**
121
**Adler** saw ________ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as a universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges.
*Younger children feel inferior to older children*, so they have to do this.
*striving for personality*
122
**Roger** says ________ is the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience.
*-You may believe you are really bright, but your transcript might suggest otherwise.*
**incongruence**
123
As part of the five-factor model of personality traits, people who score high in _______ tend to be ***anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable.***
*Exhibit more impulsiveness and instability than others*
*neuroticism*
124
The ________ is the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.
This considers ***society's** norms, etiquette, rules, and customs.*
***ego***
125
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a fear of *storms*.
***Brontophobia***
