Exam 3 Flashcards
Conscious decisions promote satisfaction when decisions are simple, but the opposite occurs for complex decisions. This phenomenon is known at the ____-____-____ ____, when people are faced with complex choices, they tend to make better decisions if they don’t devote careful attention to the matter.
deliberation-without-attention effect
In ____ thinking one tries to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions.
Example: You work for an advertising agency where you must come up with as many slogans as possible.
divergent
A _____ _____ is present when one insists on problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.
mental set
_____ intelligence involves abstract reasoning, evaluation, and judgment.
Analytical
Simon’s theory of ____ _____ asserts that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only on a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal.
bounded rationality
____ ____ involves evaluating alternative and making choices among them.
Decision making
The tendency to exaggerate the improbable: attributes to the _____ heuristic.
Example: There are more suicides than homicides. In addition, more asthma kills than tornado kills.
availability
Theorists use the term _____ _____ to refer to genetically determined limits on IQ.
reaction range
The math problem Sean faces seems unsolvable due to the _____ effect; Sean might surface new solutions for the unsolved problem, even though he was not consciously thinking about the problem.
incubation
Strings problems & Anagrams are problems that involve ______.
arrangement
_____ intelligence involves the ability to deal effectively with the kinds of problems that people encounter in everyday life, such as on the job or at home.
Practical
_____ intelligence involves the ability to generate new ideas.
Creative
The ______ fallacy occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.
Example: You meet a man who is an articulate, ambitious, power-hungry wheeler dealer. Is he a college professor, or a college professor who is a politician? The broader category (college professor) actually includes the subcategory.
conjunction
The _____ heuristic involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
representativeness
The tendency to see an item only in terms of its common use, due to _____ _____, I would not consider a screwdriver as a weight.
functional fixedness
To reach a specific goal, it’s not always obvious how the goal can be achieved, so _____ problems are challenging.
Examples: hobbits and orcs problem & water jar problem.
transformation
Because trial and error is inconsistent, people often use shortcuts called _____, which is a guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions.
Examples:
-Forming subgoals
-Searching for analogies
-Changing the representation of the problem
-Taking a break
heuristic
In making decisions, people display a curious bias called ____ _____, where people generally overestimate the intensity and duration of negative emotions, losses, or watching a team lose a big game.
loss aversion
____ are intermediate steps toward a solution.
subgoals
Wechsler devised a more sophisticated scoring system for his tests where raw scores are translated into _____ IQ scores that locate respondents precisely with normal distribution.
deviation
This is where I have to discover the relations among the parts of the problem.
Examples:
- Series completion problems
- Analogy problems
Problems of inducing structure
Part of the dual-process theories: Consists of slower, more elaborate, effortful controlled judgments.
The 2nd system ____ and ____ the intuitive system.
monitors and corrects
The belief that the odds of a chance events increases if the event hasn’t occurred recently.
-Reflects representativeness heuristic
Gambler’s fallacy
Nisbett argues that people who exhibit an ____ cognitive style focus on OBJECTS and PROPERTIES and live in Western cultures.
-Westerners see PARTS
analytic
In _____ thinking one tries to narrow down a list of alternatives.
Example: For multiple-choice exams you try to eliminate incorrect options.
convergent
Part of the dual-process theories: _____ thinking involves quick, simple, effortless, automatic judgments.
intuitive
A big part of practical intelligence involves acquiring _____ knowledge—what one needs to know in a particular environment in order to work efficiently.
-Not taught nor is it verbalized.
tacit
Nisbett argues that a ____ cognitive style focuses on contexts and relationships among elements in Eastern Asian cultures.
-Easterners see WHOLES
holistic
Symmetrical: Bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which man characteristics are dispersed in the population.
Normal Distribution curve
Intelligence Quotient
(Mental Age)/(Chronological age) x 100
Cognition focuses on the ____ of intelligence.
Intelligence focuses on the ____ of intelligence.
- Process
- Amount
Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.
Problem solving
______ occurs when a hypothetical abstract concept is given a name then treated as thought it were a concrete, tangible object.
Reification
The _____ ______ theory argues that emotion occurs when the THALAMUS sends signals SIMULTANEOUSLY to the cortex creating the conscious experience. Then, to the autonomic nervous system, creating visceral arousal.
Cannon-Bard
External goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior.
- Monetary price
- Juicy steak
Incentive
After orgasm, men experience a _____ period, a time following orgasm during which they are largely unresponsive to further stimulation.
refractory
_____ ______ are norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions.
Display rules
Polygraphs measure autonomic arousal such as the _____ ______ ______, which is an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity.
galvanic skin response
The connection between emotion and autonomic arousal provides the basis for the ______, a device that records AUTONOMIC fluctuations while a subject is questioned.
- Lie dector, but does not actually detect lies.
- More of an….emotion detector.
polygraph
_____ ______ occurs when the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experience shifts so that their neutral point, or baseline for comparison, changes.
Hedonistic adaptation
After the body goes without food for a while, the stomach secretes _____, which causes stomach contractions and promotes hunger.
ghrelin
This arousal is the basis for the polygraph.
Autonomic Arousal
A state of psychological equilibrium or stability.
homeostasis
A state of psychological equilibrium or stability.
homeostasis
Goal-directed behavior
Motivation
Goal-directed behavior
Motivation
In the sexual arousal _____ phase; muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure increase quickly.
excitement
In the sexual arousal _____ phase; muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure increase quickly.
excitement
The phenomenon _____ _____ _____ is when: You eat a specific food, and its incentive value declines.
-It explains why people overeat at buffets, where MANY foods are available.
sensory specific satiety
The phenomenon _____ _____ _____ is when: You eat a specific food, and its incentive value declines.
-It explains why people overeat at buffets, where MANY foods are available.
sensory specific satiety
The _____ and _____ areas of the hypothalamus are important for the regulation of hunger.
arcuate and paraventicular
The _____ and _____ areas of the hypothalamus are important for the regulation of hunger.
arcuate and paraventicular
During sexual arousal _____ leads to a swelling and hardening of the clitoris, expansion of the vaginal lips, and vaginal lubrication.
vasocongestion
During sexual arousal _____ leads to a swelling and hardening of the clitoris, expansion of the vaginal lips, and vaginal lubrication.
vasocongestion
In the debate about internet pornography, someone might argue, “We can ban cybeporn, or we can hasten the moral decay of modern society,” which would be an example of a _____ ______.
false dichotomy
In the debate about internet pornography, someone might argue, “We can ban cybeporn, or we can hasten the moral decay of modern society,” which would be an example of a _____ ______.
false dichotomy
Efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events.
-People reliably mispredict their future feelings in response to good and bad events.
Affective Forecasting
Efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events.
-People reliably mispredict their future feelings in response to good and bad events.
Affective Forecasting
In _____’s Two-Factor Theory, people infer emotion from arousal and then label the emotion in accordance with their cognitive EXPLANATION for the arousal.
Schachter’s
In _____’s Two-Factor Theory, people infer emotion from arousal and then label the emotion in accordance with their cognitive EXPLANATION for the arousal.
Schachter’s
During the _____ phase, the physiological changes produced by sexual arousal gradually subside.
resolution
During the _____ phase, the physiological changes produced by sexual arousal gradually subside.
resolution
During the _____ phase, physical arousal continues to build at a slow pace.
plateau
During the _____ phase, physical arousal continues to build at a slow pace.
plateau
Internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce tension.
-It motivates you to eat, which reduces the _____ and restores psychological equilibrium.
drive
Internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce tension.
-It motivates you to eat, which reduces the _____ and restores psychological equilibrium.
drive
When researchers destroyed animals’ VMH, the animals __________________.
When researchers destroyed animals’ LH, the animals _________________________________.
- Ate excessively
- Showed no interest in food
When researchers destroyed animals’ VMH, the animals __________________.
When researchers destroyed animals’ LH, the animals _________________________________.
- Ate excessively
- Showed no interest in food
A projective test that requires subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that reveal personal motives and traits.
TAT
A projective test that requires subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that reveal personal motives and traits.
TAT
During sexual arousal, _______ engorges blood vessels—-producing penile erection and swollen testes in males.
vasocongestion
During sexual arousal, _______ engorges blood vessels—-producing penile erection and swollen testes in males.
vasocongestion
Higher _____ levels are associated with increased hunger, thus _____ is a determinant of hunger.
insulin
Higher _____ levels are associated with increased hunger, thus _____ is a determinant of hunger.
insulin
A person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, or either sex.
Sexual Orientation
A person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, or either sex.
Sexual Orientation
The ______ ________ theory posits that perception of autonomic arousal leads to the conscious experience of fear.
-You are fearful BECAUSE your pulse is racing.
James-Lange
The ______ ________ theory posits that perception of autonomic arousal leads to the conscious experience of fear.
-You are fearful BECAUSE your pulse is racing.
James-Lange
Produced by fat cells throughout the body and released in the bloodstream, ______ also provides the hypothalamus with information about the body’s fat stores.
leptin
Produced by fat cells throughout the body and released in the bloodstream, ______ also provides the hypothalamus with information about the body’s fat stores.
leptin
A hormone secreted by the pancreas, must be present for cells to extract glucose from the blood.
Insulin
A hormone secreted by the pancreas, must be present for cells to extract glucose from the blood.
Insulin
The better the food tastes, the more food people consume.
Palatability
The better the food tastes, the more food people consume.
Palatability
A hormone called ______ contributes to the long-term regulation of hunger.
leptin
A hormone called ______ contributes to the long-term regulation of hunger.
leptin
Much of the physiological arousal associated with emotion occurs through the actions of the ______ ______ _______.
automatic nervous system
Much of the physiological arousal associated with emotion occurs through the actions of the ______ ______ _______.
automatic nervous system
The first occurence of menstruation is called _________.
menarche
The first occurence of ejaculation is caled _______.
spermarche
If you ask a preoperational girl whether her sister has a sister, she’ll say “no” if they are the only 2 girls in the family which is _______.
egocentrism
When preoperational children believe that all things are living, this is a feature of egocentrism called ______.
aminism
If you are just focusing one 1 feature of the problem and you neglect other important aspects your tendency is that of _______.
centration
Mental operations, applied to abstract ideas: logical, systematic thinking.
______ _______ period.
Formal Operational
Mental operations applied to concrete events: mastery of conservation, hiearchial classification.
______ _______ period.
Concrete Operational
Development of symbolic though marked by irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism.
______ period.
Preoperational
Coordination of sensory input and motor responses: development of object permeance.
_______ period.
Sensorimotor
When Seany was a lil guy, if he were to incorrectly say things like “The girl goed home” or “I hitted the ball,” Sean would be making an _______.
overregularization
If a child says “Give doll” instead of “Please give me the doll,” the child is using ______ ________.
telegraphic speech
An ______ occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a NARROWER set of objects or actions.
-Lil Seany might use the word doll to refer ONLY to a SINGLE, favorite doll.
underextension
An ______ occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a WIDER set of objects or actions.
-Lil Seany may use the word “ball” for anything round–such as oranges, apples, and the moon!
overextension
The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure.
Fast mapping.
When babies seek little contact with their mothers and are often NOT distressed by the motor learning is considered _____ attachment.
avoidant
If babies are uneasy when their mothers are near and protest excessively when she leaves, but not particularly comforted by the mother’s return: this is an example of _____ ______ attachment.
anxious ambivalent
When babies play and explore comfortable with their mother present, become visibly upset when she leaves, and are quickly calmed by her return: this is an example of ______ attachment.
secure
_______ is development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint.
-Early progress in motor development contributes to this.
Maturation
______ ______ indicate that the typical (median) age at which individuals display various abilities and behaviors.
Developmental norms
______ _______ refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities.
Motor development
The ________ screens out quite a number of infectious agents, but not all.
placenta
______ ______ syndrome is a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy.
Fetal alcohol
Sometime between 23 and 26 weeks the fetus reaches the _______ _______ _______, the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth.
threshold of viability
The _______ stage is the 3rd stage of the prenatal development, lasting from 2 months to birth.
fetal
The ______ stage is the 2nd stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks to the end of the second month.
embryonic
The ______ is a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother.
placenta
The _______ stage is the 1st phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception.
germinal
The ______ ______ extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing 9 months of pregnancy.
prenatal period
1 celled organism formed by the union of 1 sperm and 1 egg.
zygote
In adolescents’ neural development, neurons are becoming __________, which leads to enhanced conductivity and connectivity in the brain.
myelinated
Synaptic pruning occurs in adolescents’ neural development, which can be described as….
The elimination of less-active synapses
Adolescence is the period between ______ and ________.
childhood and adulthood
According to Kohlberg’s stage theory, the preconventional level is based on the following moral reasoning premise…
Personal Benefits
Self-Interest
According to Kohlberg’s stage theory, the conventional level is based on the following moral reasoning premise…
Rules are needed for maintaining social order
According to Kohlberg’s stage theory, the postconventional level is based on the following moral reasoning premise…
Personal code of ethics.
For example, participants at this level might applaud a newspaper reporter who goes to jail rather than reveal a source of information who was promised anonymity.
Piaget underestimated young children’s, what?
Cognitive development
Cultural factors that influence their development
“Why does the wind get so mad” is an example of _______ in the _________ period.
aminism, preoperational
The _________ ___________ period leads to a decline in egocentrism and gradual mastery of conservation.
concrete operational
The _________ ___________ period is where children begin to apply abstract concepts.
formal operational
Piaget’s views reflect that of an __________.
interactionist
Nativist _______ said people have a language acquisition device.
Chomsky
Behaviorist ________ said langage is learned by verbal responses.
Skinner
Type of people that says Nature AND Nurture are important for language.
Interactionists
The vocabulary spurt usually begins around _______ months.
18
Most physiological structures are formed during this course of prenatal development.
-Most miscarriages and structural birth defects occur in the ______ stage.
Embryonic
This course of prenatal development is when the sense of hearing develops.
- Skeletal structures harden
- Layer of fat deposited
- Threshold of viability
Fetal Stage
