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Personality > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

A

produces a magnetic field to track flow of highly oxygenated blood

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2
Q

amygdala function

A

associated with fear response and anxiety as well as positive stimuli and reward (motivation - acknowledges when something is important and should be paid attention to)

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3
Q

general frontal lobe function

A

cognition (thinking) - language, strategy, decision making - capacity to think about the future

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4
Q

left frontal lobe function

A

approach motivation - excitement and happiness
increased activity comes from meditation

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5
Q

right frontal lobe function

A

withdrawal motivation - disgust

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6
Q

psychopathy is characterized by…

A
  • emotional dysfunction (callousness)
  • impulsive antisocial behavior
  • atypical amygdala
  • atypical orbitofrontal cortex
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7
Q

atypical (low functioning) amygdala effects

A
  • less activity during aversive conditioning
  • less activity in response to sad/fearful faces
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8
Q

atypical (smaller) orbitofrontal cortex effects

A

impaired response reversal (unable to inhibit an unprofitable action)

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9
Q

everyday psychopathy

A

not violent or lawbreaking, simply treat people unfairly in everyday activities

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10
Q

clinical psychopathy

A

comes with a genetic predisposition + highly aversive experience during childhood

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11
Q

results of Keyser study

A

psychopaths have less activation in the empathy sections of the brain but they are capable of doing so

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12
Q

anterior cingulate cortex function

A

experience and observation of pain through mental simulation as well as error response (associated with “something bad is happening”)

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13
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

sending magnetic field into skull and outer layer of the brain to prevent neurons from firing, essentially paralyzes specific sections of cortex

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14
Q

issues with TMS

A

not specific, only affects cortex no deeper systems

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15
Q

benefit of using TMS

A

non-invasive

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16
Q

right temporoparietal junction functions

A

judging people based on their moral choices - adults focus on intentions while children focus on outcome

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17
Q

electrical neural communication

A

charge travels from dendrites through axon to presynaptic terminal (intraneural)

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18
Q

chemical neural communication

A

between neurons (interneural)

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that enable communication between neurons

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20
Q

dopamine effects

A

sociability, activity level, exploration, novelty seeking (extraversion and openness), experience reward

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21
Q

Gray’s dopamine study

A

personality is characterized through two systems of motivation - go and stop

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22
Q

go system (behavioral activation)

A

impulsivity - based on dopamine activity (particularly the nucleus accumbent)
high go people percieve the world as full of pleasurable experiences

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23
Q

stop system (behavioral inhibition)

A

caution and anxiety - unrelated to dopamine activity more so frontal lobes
high stop people think the world is full of threats

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24
Q

high go low stop personality

A

extroverted

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25
Q

low go high stop personality

A

introverted

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26
Q

high go high stop personality

A

neurotic

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27
Q

low go low stop personality

A

stable

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28
Q

Depue’s study on dopaminergic cells

A

linked dopamine production in nucleus accumbens to an inclination to seek and enjoy reward (linked to both nature and nurture)

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29
Q

reward deficiency syndrome

A

dopamine deficient, inability to experience rewards as rewarding - can lead to addiction (compulsive effort to generate pleasure)

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30
Q

serotonin effects

A

inhibits undesired emotion and returns emotions to baseline

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31
Q

low serotonin is associated with…

A

neuroticism and depression

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32
Q

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

A

allows more serotonin to remain in the synapse to be used again (typical antidepressants)

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33
Q

hormones

A

blood borne chemicals with long range effects

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34
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

trigger fight or flight (inc. heart rate, bp, respiration)

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35
Q

beta blockers

A

reduce intensity of epinephrine and norepinephrine - used to treat high blood pressure

36
Q

oxytocin effects

A

tend and befriend response (seeking affiliation with others during threatening situations) - boosted by estrogen, blocked by testosterone

37
Q

testosterone effects

A

associated with sex, aggression, social assertiveness, boosting of preexisting traits

38
Q

true or false - we have a certain biochemical profile that determines our behavior

A

false - our biochemicals are impacted by life experiences (ex. European orphanage study)

39
Q

heritability coefficient

A

percent of population variation in a trait

40
Q

what % of genes do monozygotic twins share?

A

100%

41
Q

what percent of genes do dizygotic twins share?

A

50% (same as typical siblings)

42
Q

twin study heritability coefficient

A

heritability = (MZr - DZr)*2

43
Q

adoption studies

A

comparing similarities of children to adoptive and biological parents

44
Q

twin studies

A

comparing similarities of MZ and DZ twins

45
Q

heritability coefficient for adoption studies

A

heritability = (BIOr - ADOPTr)*2

46
Q

average heritability with adoption studies

A

20%

47
Q

average heritability with twin studies

A

40%

48
Q

why are twin and adoption studies different?

A

we assume a linear relationship when it is really curvilinear

49
Q

issues with the heritability coefficient

A
  • affected by the environment
  • doesn’t show what exactly is being affected by genes
50
Q

comparative approach

A

comparing humans to genetically similar species

51
Q

theory of mind

A

the capacity to see others as experiencing cognition

52
Q

do chimps have theory of mind?

A

maybe (Tomasello) or maybe not (chocolate under cup experiment)

53
Q

De Waal’s theory of morality

A

chimps and humans share similar moral concepts (tolerance toward the disables, positive conciliation index, sharing behavior)

54
Q

positive conciliation index

A

showing prosocial behavior to a competitor after a fight (shown in chimps)

55
Q

culture

A

patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior shared within a group

56
Q

why are our studies of cultural personality flawed

A

WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) cultures are typically overrepresented

57
Q

Henry Triandis’ ecological model

A

ecology > culture > socialization > personality > behavior

58
Q

ecology

A

geographical space that a group inhabits we flourish in whatever niche we live in

59
Q

culture of sharing

A

in ecologies where food gathering is uncertain people are less likely to share

60
Q

what happens to culture when ecological conditions change

A

they are likely maintained (ex. culture of honor in the American south)

61
Q

culture of honor

A

economic vulnerability > expectation to assert dominance when disrespected (ex. American south - herding culture)

62
Q

tight culture

A

little tolerance for deviation - lots of monitoring and condemnation (ex. Pakistan, Malaysia, India)

63
Q

loose culture

A

toleration of deviance from cultural norms - less monitoring and judgement (ex. Netherlands, Brazil, USA)

64
Q

Gelfand’s manifestations study of nations

A

tight vs loose cultures (clock synchronicity, left handedness)

65
Q

sense of self other relationship in the west

A

others shouldn’t have a say in how an one lives their life “I don’t care what you say anymore this is my life” – Billy Joel

66
Q

sense of self other relationship in the east

A

people should be motivated by the opinions and influence of others in their in-group “as a single drop of water, is it difficult to reach the sea; if we join a river, it is easy to reach the sea” – eastern cultures

67
Q

western individualism

A

emphasis on the independent self - behavior should be driven by one’s own thoughts and feelings

68
Q

goals of western individualism

A

uniqueness, fulfilling potential, finding individual happiness

69
Q

eastern collectivism

A

emphasis on interdependence - behavior should be driven by thoughts and feelings of others - dont break social bonds

70
Q

goals of eastern collectivism

A

be a valuable member of your group, develop social responsibility, practice humility

71
Q

which culture (collectivist or individualist) is more likely to accept expressions of anger and disapproval

A

individualist

72
Q

which culture (collectivist or individualist) is more likely to be motivated by choice

A

individualist

73
Q

how would an individualist culture explain the actions of another

A

in terms of the other person’s individual characteristics

74
Q

how would an collectivist culture explain the actions of another

A

in terms of the defects of the whole group

75
Q

religious ideals in an individualist culture

A

christianity - heaven - the ultimate opportunity for individual happiness

76
Q

religious ideals in a collectivist culture

A

buddhism - bodhisattva - the choice to return to earth and help others achieve enlightenment

77
Q

cortisol effects

A

hormone that regulates fight or flight as well as tend and befriend, related to anxiety

78
Q

oxytocin effects

A

hormone associated with sexual response, mother child bonding, and anxiety lowering

79
Q

big 5 associated with plasticity

A

extraversion and openness

80
Q

big 5 associated with stability

A

agreeableness and conscientiousness

81
Q

DRD4 gene

A

involved with the dopaminergic system and consequentially with extraversion

82
Q

5-HTT gene

A

involved with serotonin and response to unpleasant stimuli

83
Q

is the heritability coefficient a perfect indicator of trait heritability?

A

no, it is not the nature-nurture ratio, some traits that are fully under genetic control (number of arms) calculate a zero heritability

84
Q

emic

A

ideas that are specific to a particular culture

85
Q

etic

A

ideas that are universal among cultures

Personality (3 decks)

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