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Personality > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

xFunder’s Second Law

A

There are no perfect indicators of personality only ambiguous clues

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2
Q

Funder’s third law

A

something beats nothing

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3
Q

S data

A

self judgements

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4
Q

advantages of S data

A

large amount of info, access to internal thoughts + feelings, causal force, simple and easy

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5
Q

I data

A

Informants report

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6
Q

disadvantages of S data

A

error, bias, simple and easy

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7
Q

Advantages of I data

A

large amount of info, real world bias, common sense, causal force

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8
Q

Disadvantages of I data

A

limited behavioral info, lack of access to internal thought + feelings, bias

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9
Q

L data

A

life outcomes

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10
Q

Advantages of L data

A

objective and verifiable, intrinsic importance, psychological relevance

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11
Q

disadvantages of L data

A

multi determination, potential lack of psychological relevance

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12
Q

B data

A

Behavioral observations

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13
Q

Advantages of B data

A

wide range of contexts, objective

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14
Q

disadvantages of B data

A

difficult and expensive, uncertain interpretation

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15
Q

Face Validity

A

Degree to which an assessment instrument superficially seems to be valid

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16
Q

self verification

A

process by which people try to bring others to treat them according to their own self conceptions

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17
Q

judgments

A

derived from someone using common sense

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18
Q

expectancy effect

A

tendency for someone to become the kind of person others expect themselves to be (self fulfilling prophecy + behavioral confirmation)

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19
Q

aggregation

A

the combination of different measurements (averaging)

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20
Q

Spearman Brown Formula

A

math formula predicting degree to which reliability can be increased by adding more items

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21
Q

psychometrics

A

technology of a pscyhological measurement

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22
Q

construct

A

psychological attribute that goes beyond what might be assessed by a particular method of assessment (anger as opposed to weight)

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23
Q

construct validation

A

degree to which a measurement can be found under diverse circumstances

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24
Q

case method

A

studying a particular phenomenon or individual in depth

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25
Q

experimental method

A

establishing causal relationship between two variables through manipulation

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26
Q

correlational method

A

establishing relationship between variables through preexisting factors

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27
Q

Freuds theory of psychological health

A

rationality - avoiding impulses, avoiding excessive self punishment (guilt)

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28
Q

Adler’s theory of psychological health

A

demonstrating personal worth via community mindedness - doing good for others

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29
Q

Horney’s theory on psychological health

A

having an accurate view of oneself

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30
Q

Klein’s theory on psychological health

A

accurate view of significant others - refraining from idealization and blame

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31
Q

Skinner’s theory of psychological health

A

presence of “good” absence of “bad” - shaping behavior in a better direction

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32
Q

Rotter’s theory on psychological health

A

Reasonable expectancies and reinforcement values - having wrong ideas about likely consequences of actions - poor decision making

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33
Q

Bandura’s theory on psychological health

A

reasonable view of one’s capability - underestimation (being held back)

34
Q

Kelly’s theory on psychological health

A

construals that promote well being

35
Q

Frankl’s theory on psychological health

A

sense of meaning

36
Q

Rogers’ theory on psychological health

A

autonomy - no conditions of worth

37
Q

Maslow’s theory on psychological health

A

presence of growth motivation

38
Q

test retest reliability

A

subject gets same score at different times (lowered by measurement error - raised by aggregation)

39
Q

inter item reliability

A

subjects respond similarly across items - low if items aren’t measuring same variable

40
Q

convergent validity

A

measure developed correlated with things it should correlate with

41
Q

divergent validity

A

measure doesn’t correlate with things it shouldn’t correlate with

42
Q

projective tests

A

testee interprets ambiguous stimulus - therapist interprets meaning from report (Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test) - yield B data

43
Q

objective tests

A

Testee responds to written stimulus using standardized rating scale - yield A data

44
Q

Rorschach Inkblot issues

A

lacks predictive validity, convergent validity, inter judge reliability

45
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A

presenting social scenes and interpreting the situation - what 16 basic needs does their perception address

46
Q

factor analysis

A

statistical technique - grouping by variable being measured

47
Q

exploratory factor analysis

A

searching for sets of items that correlate with others to determine that they are measuring the same variable

48
Q

confirmatory factor analysis

A

theorizing that items are measuring certain constructs and using fit scale to confirm

49
Q

empirical substantiation

A

do the scores predict what they are trying to predicts (similar to convergent validity)

50
Q

Mindless Empirical Substantiation

A

asking unexpected questions that imply personality/behavior (ex. I sometimes tease animals - no = likelihood to be depressed)

51
Q

Thoughtful Empirical Substantiation

A

using face valid terms when asking questions - predicting something thats clear (ex. high neuroticism = unstable relationships)

52
Q

P level

A

the probability that the obtained correlation could’ve occurred by chance

53
Q

Type 1 error

A

mistakenly thinking that one variable has an effect on the other

54
Q

Type 2 error

A

mistakenly thinking that one variable does not have an effect on the other

55
Q

Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD)

A

displaying and understanding more the magnitude of an effect reported as a correlation - comparing predicted with obtained results in a table

56
Q

publication bias

A

tendency of scientific journals to publish studies with strong results

57
Q

questionable research practices (QRP)

A

increasing the chances of obtaining desired results - p hacking

58
Q

moral traits study

A

Hartshorone and May - is there consistency between moral traits and behavior

59
Q

rebuttal 1

A

conceptualizing consistency as a trait

60
Q

rebuttal 2

A

traits are evident only if we average across many situations

61
Q

rebuttal 3

A

strong situations impact behavior

62
Q

rebuttal 4

A

personality exists but personality is not traits (Mischel) If.. then

63
Q

rebuttal 5

A

traits predict diverse real world outcomes

64
Q

interactionism

A

aspects of personality and of situations work together to determine situations

65
Q

many trait approach

A

focusing on a particular behavior and investigating its corresponding personality traits

66
Q

essential trait approach

A

narrowing a list of thousands of traits to a few that matter

67
Q

Q set

A

100 descriptions that cover personality domain

68
Q

single trait approach

A

choosing an important trait and studying it thoroughly

69
Q

individual outcomes of extraversion

A

happiness/mental health
longevity

70
Q

interpersonal outcomes of extraversion

A

success in relationships
status

71
Q

institutional outcomes of extraversion

A

community involvement

72
Q

individual outcomes of agreeableness

A

heart health/longevity
mental health

73
Q

interpersonal outcomes of agreeableness

A

good peer/dating relationships

74
Q

institutional outcomes of agreeableness

A

job success
prosocial behavior

75
Q

individual outcomes of conscientiousness

A

religious
longevity

76
Q

interpersonal outcomes of conscientiousness

A

family/dating satisfaction

77
Q

institutional outcomes of conscientiousness

A

job success
conservatism

78
Q

individual outcomes of neuroticism

A

poor coping

79
Q

interpersonal outcomes of neuroticism

A

bad family relations

80
Q

institutional outcomes of neuroticism

A

job dissatisfaction

81
Q

individual outcomes of openness

A

forgiveness
drug use

82
Q
A

Personality (3 decks)

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