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PGY 206 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

two ways that “respiration” term can be used

A

mitochondrial O2 utilization (aerobic metabolism) & ventilation

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2
Q

Components of the thorax

A

chest wall, thoracic cavity, pleural cavity

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3
Q

diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle sheet

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4
Q

thorax

A

rib cage, spinal column, trunk muscles

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5
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between visceral and parietal pleurae

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6
Q

conducting zone functions

A

conducts air flow (bulk flow) to respiratory zone; warms and humidifies inspired air; cleans air

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7
Q

how does the conducting zone clean air

A

secretes mucus that cilia move

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8
Q

conducting zone components

A

larynx, trachea, right and left primary bronchius, respiratory bronchioles

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9
Q

how does mucus clear debris from the inspired air

A

mucus layer traps inhaled particles and a watery saline layer between the mucus and cilia allows the cilia to push the mucus towards the pharynx

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10
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

thick, sticky mucus blocks the airway

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11
Q

respiratory zone components

A

terminal bronchiole and alveolus

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12
Q

number of alveoli

A

300 million

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13
Q

alveoli function

A

primary site of gas exchange

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14
Q

alveolar type I cells

A

where gas exchange occurs; lined with a thin layer of water; epithelial cells with structural function (80-90% of cells in alveoli); thin & interconnected by pores

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15
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

secrete surfactant

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16
Q

surfactant function in alveoli

A

detergent-like substance that lowers the surface tension of water on the alveoli, preventing their collapse

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17
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

clean debris

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18
Q

how does air move between the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles

A

diffusion

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19
Q

what is the total surface area of all alveoli

A

60-80 m^2; half a tennis court

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20
Q

what is the barrier to diffusion in alveoli

A

2 cells across; 2 micrometers

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21
Q

where is resistance to air flow highest

A

upper airways; as bronchioles branch, total cross-sectional resistance decreases and velocity of flow decreases

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22
Q

Intrapulmonary or alveolar pressure (Pa)

A

equals atmospheric pressure at rest but is altered by changes in lung volume; pressure in the lungs

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23
Q

intrapleural pressure (Ppl)

A

subatmospheric (negative) at rest; determined by lungs and chest wall; the pressure between the chest wall and lung; always more negative than Pa & affected by the forces of gravity

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24
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

pressure difference across lung (Pa-Ppl); determines lung volume

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25
ideal gas law
PV=nRT; a constant if temperature and number of molecules is unchanged, a "closed container")
26
Boyle's Law
P1V1=P2V2
27
understanding pressure change in lung using Boyle's Law
changes in lung volume alter Pa because gas pressure is inversely proportional to container volume; with lung expansion, Pa falls below (Patm) so air flows in; with lung compression, Pa increases above Patm so air flows out
28
active process of inspiration
diaphragm contracts, increasing thoracic volume & parasternal/external intercostals contract, pulling the ribs up and out
29
how is Ppl changed during inspiration
becomes more negative
30
how is Pa changed during inspiration and why
becomes more negative because lung volume is increased
31
passive process of expiration
inspiratory muscles relax
32
how is Pa changed during expiration and why
becomes positive because lung volume decreases
33
how is Ppl changed during expiration
becomes less negative
34
active process of expiration
internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract; expiratory pressures increase; air flow is faster and more variable
35
when is expiration active
exercise, speech, coughing, panting, etc.
36
pressure changes in inspiration in quiet breathing
Pa is less than Patm; approximately -3mmHg
37
pressure changes in expiration in quiet breathing
Pa is greater than Patm; approximately +3mmHg
38
pneumothorax
air enters the pleural space causing the lung to collapse because it can no longer hold its shape due to positive Ppl
39
open pneumothorax
air enters via open wound to chest wall
40
closed pneumothorax
air enters via lung injury, chest wall remains intact
41
lung resistance defn
ease with with air flows through airways
42
air flow equation
flow = change in pressure/resistance
43
what determines airway resistance
airway diameter
44
what determines airway diameter
smooth muscle tone and support by surrounding tissue
45
surrounding tissue for support in conducting zone
cartilage and muscle
46
airway diameter support in respiratory zone
held open by surrounding tissue by tethering that pulls airways open
47
compliance
the ability to stretch
48
compliance equation
C = delta(V)/delta(P); change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure
49
how compliant are lungs (comparison)
100x more compliant than a toy balloon
50
what is compliance determined by
lung structure and surface tension
51
how does surface tension affect compliance
alveoli are lined by a thin liquid layer that generates tension at the air-liquid surface and acts like a pressure pulling alveoli closed; resists lung expansion
52
respiratory distress syndrome
occurs in premature babies; type II alveoli cells are not mature enough to produce surfactant so alveoli collapse and have to reinflate every breath
53
treatment for respiratory distress syndrome
steroids to stimulate production or artificial surfactant
54
elastic recoil
result of elastin fibers in lung tissue; allows the lung to recoil back to its original shape
55
gas exchange mechanism
gases move between air and blood by diffusion due to concentration gradient
56
how is diffusion a rapid process in the lungs
large surface area and short diffusion distance
57
how does each gas move
down its concentration or partial pressure gradient
58
Dalton's Law
pressure of a gas mixture = sum of pressures each gas exerts independently
59
partial pressure
pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture
60
atmospheric PO2
150mmHg
61
PH2O, CO2, O2, and N2 of inspired air
H2O=variable; CO2=negligible; O2=~150; N2=600
62
PH2O, CO2, O2, and N2 of alveolar air
H2O=47; CO2=40; O2=~100; N2=568
63
Henry's Law
gas dissolved in liquid exerts a pressure; in liquid equilibrated with a gas mixture, partial pressures are equal in the two phases
64
what determines the amount of each gas dissolved in liquid
temperature of the fluid, partial pressure of the gas, and solubility of the gas
65
PO2 and PCO2 in the pulmonary vein
PO2=100; PCO2=40
66
PO2 and PCO2 in the systemic arteries
PO2=100; PCO2=40
67
PO2 and PCO2 in the systemic veins
PO2=40; PCO2=46
68
PO2 and PCO2 in the pulmonary artery
PO2=40; PCO2=46
69
plasma O2 content without hemoglobin
0.3mL
70
plasma O2 content with hemoglobin
20.0mL
71
red blood cells
flattened biconcave discs with a large surface area to promote diffusion of gases
72
how many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC
hundreds of millions
73
what part of hemoglobin transports O2
iron group of the heme
74
normal systemic venous blood oxygen saturation
75%
75
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve properties
s-shape, upper plateau, steep slope
76
why does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve have an s-shape
binding cooperativity; conformation changes make hemoglobin more likely to bind O2 in other spots once one or more are filled
77
why does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve have an upper plateau
O2 loading in lungs, there is a maximum
78
why does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve have a steep slope
unloading in tissues
79
relation between PO2 and hemoglobin saturation %
as PO2 increases, % of hemoglobin saturated with bound oxygen increases until all of the oxygen-binding sites are occupied (100% saturation)
80
things that cause a left shift in O2 binding affinity (more affinity)
pH rise/H+ drop; PCO2 drop; temperature drop; 2,3-DPG drop
81
things that cause a right shift in O2 binding affinity (less affinity)
pH drop/H+ rise; PCO2 rise; temperature rise; 2,3-DPG rise
82
when would you see a PCO2 rise and why would it affect O2 binding affinity
when exercising; metabolically active-> O2 goes to mitochondria to make ATP so PO2 is lower, and more CO2 is produced as a byproduct
83
2,3-DPG
byproduct of anaerobic metabolism
84
how is CO2 transported in blood (with percentages)
HCO3- (70%); dissolved (10%); carbaminohemoglobin (20%)
85
carbonic anhydrase
enzyme that converts water and CO2 to bicarbonate
86
eupnea
normal quiet breathing
87
hyperpnea
increased respiratory rate and/or volume in response to increased metabolism; ex: exercise
88
hyperventilation
increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism; ex: emotional hyperventilation, blowing up a balloon
89
hypoventilation
decreased alveolar ventilation; ex: shallow breathing, asthma, restrictive lung disease
90
tachypnea
rapid breathing; usually increased respiratory rate with decreased depth; ex: panting
91
dyspnea
difficulty breathing (a subjective feeling sometimes described as "air hunger"); ex: various pathologies or hard exercise
92
apnea
cessation of breathing; ex: voluntary breath-holding, depression of CNS control centers
93
emphysema
destructive disease; decreased alveoli decreases the surface area for gas exchange; decreased elastic recoil of lung; increased lung compliance
94
emphysema PO2 levels
normal or low in alveoli and low in capillaries
95
fibrotic lung disease
restrictive disease; thicker alveoli increase distance for diffusion and slows gas exchange; loss of lung compliance; black lung
96
fibrotic lung disease PO2 levels
normal or low in alveoli and low in capillaries
97

PGY 206 (4 decks)

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