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PGY 206 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostatically regulated core body temperature

A

37C (98F)

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2
Q

Homeostatically regulated mean arterial blood pressure

A

80-100 mmHg

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3
Q

Homeostatically regulated [Ca++] extracellular

A

1-3 mM

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4
Q

Homeostatically regulated [K+] extracellular

A

3-5 mM

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5
Q

Homeostatically regulated [H+] or pH extracellular

A

7.35-7.45

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6
Q

Homeostatically regulated [Glucose] in the blood plasma

A

100 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter)

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7
Q

Homeostatically regulated Blood osmolarity

A

300 milliosmoles/Liter

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8
Q

Homeostatically regulated Arterial blood oxygen levels PO2

A

70-100 mmHg

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9
Q

Homeostatically regulated Arterial carbon dioxide levels PCO2

A

34-45 mmHg

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10
Q

Regulated variable

A

Any variable for which sensors are present in the system and the value of which is kept within limits by a negative feedback system in the face of perturbations in the system.

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11
Q

Sensor (receptor)

A

A “device” that measures the magnitude of some variable by
generating an output signal (neural or hormonal) that is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus. Detects changes in the environment

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12
Q

Integrating center (controller, command center)

A

Determines and initiates the appropriate physiological response to any change or disturbance of the internal environment

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13
Q

Effectors

A

Make changes according to the information they receive from the integrating center. They determine the value of the regulated (sensed) variable.

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14
Q

Negative feedback system

A

A change in a variable leads to responses that move the variable in the direction opposite of the initial change

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15
Q

Nervous system reflex

A

A specific involuntary, unlearned “built-in” response to a particular stimulus

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16
Q

Parts of a feedback loop

A

Receptor (sensor) – afferent pathway - integrating center – efferent pathway – effectors

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17
Q

Set point

A

the “steady-state” condition where the variable is held relatively constant; REQUIRES ENERGY; has variability

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18
Q

Dynamic constancy

A

levels of a variable can change over short periods of time but remain relatively constant over long periods of time

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19
Q

Afferent pathway

A

signal’s pathway TO control center

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20
Q

Efferent pathway

A

signal’s pathway AWAY FROM control center

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21
Q

Body temperature feedback example: Stimulus

A

change (increase or decrease) in body temperature

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22
Q

Body temperature feedback example: Receptors

A

temperature-sensitive neurons (increase their signaling rate)

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23
Q

Body temperature feedback example: Integrating/control center

A

specific neurons in brain (compare to set points; alter rates of firing)

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24
Q

Body temperature feedback example: Effectors

A

cold: smooth muscle in skin blood vessels & skeletal muscle (decrease blood flow & shivering)
hot: sweat glands

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25
Q

Endocrine system reflex

A

negative feedback loop involving hormones (ex: blood glucose regulation)

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26
Q

True/False: all physiological variables are homeostatically regulated

A

False

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27
Q

Positive feedback

A

a change in variable leads to responses that move the variable in the same direction as the initial change

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28
Q

Examples of useful positive feedback

A

blood clotting, neuron-opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels to cause an action potential, contractions of the uterus during childbirth

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29
Q

Most disease is due to a disturbance in ______.

A

Homeostasis

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30
Q

Cell membrane

A

structure phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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31
Q

Phospholipids

A

consist of a hydrophilic head molecule and a hydrophobic tail

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32
Q

Which substances are prevented from directly moving through the plasma membrane by the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophilic

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33
Q

Selective permeability

A

size, charge, polarity dictate permeability

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34
Q

What molecules can PASSIVELY diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

some small uncharged molecules such as gases like O2 or CO2, fatty acids, steroid hormones

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35
Q

What molecules move through PROTEINS embedded in the membrane?

A

Hydrophilic or polar molecules such as H2O, amino acids, glucose, and ions like Na+, Ca++, Cl-, or K+

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36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

cellular region between the nucleus and plasma membrane (includes the cytosol and organelles)

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37
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid in which the organelles are suspended, composed of water and many dissolved substances, contains protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

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38
Q

Nucleus

A

large spheroid body that contains the cell’s genetic material

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39
Q

Organelles

A

sub-cellular structures within the cytoplasm (ex: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisome, etc.)

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40
Q

Nucleus function

A

control center of the cell that is responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing instructions for protein synthesis

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41
Q

Nucleus structure

A

surrounded by the nuclear envelope; nuclear pores join the 2 membranes of the nuclear envelope together

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42
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double phospholipid bilayer with lumen in between

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43
Q

Nucleoli

A

dense structures which contain genes for forming the RNA associated with ribosomes

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44
Q

Chromatin

A

threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins

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45
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that complements strand with A, T, C, or G to copy the genome in DNA replication

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46
Q

Helicase

A

enzyme that unwinds DNA

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47
Q

Semi-conservative

A

DNA replication is ___ because it uses one old strand and adds on a new

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48
Q

Genes encode ________,

A

Proteins

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49
Q

Ribosomes

A

small granules composed of protein and RNA; site of protein synthesis

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50
Q

Proteins

A

molecules composed of long chains of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds; workhorse of the body

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51
Q

Split gene

A

genes have introns and exons so splicing occurs; RNA polymerase only transcribes part of the genome

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52
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that complements strand with A, U, C, or G to copy the genome in transcription

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53
Q

Where does replication occur?

A

Nucleus

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54
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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55
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In cytosol on ribosomes

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56
Q

Codons

A

three bases that encode an amino acid

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57
Q

Protein examples

A

enzymes, binding proteins, regulatory proteins, signaling proteins, immunoglobins, receptor, membrane transporters, membrane channels, cytoskeletal proteins

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58
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments and microtubules; gives the cell its structure and is important for forming cell compartments and transport

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59
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

extensive, enclosed network of membranes with ribosomes on the surface; makes luminal, extracellular, or membrane proteins (translate proteins into the phospholipid bilayer)

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60
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

membrane system composed of tubules with no ribosomes attached, site of lipid and steroid synthesis; also, stores calcium in some cell types; makes membranes

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61
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of smooth membrane sacks with associated vesicles; modifies proteins received from the rough ER and packages protein into vesicles

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62
Q

Phagocytosis

A

a type of endocytosis; energy-requiring; envelops large particles; ex: WBC enveloping bacteria

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63
Q

Pinocytosis

A

a type of endocytosis; energy-requiring; smaller vesicles form spontaneously to bring in small molecules; occurs in more cell types

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64
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

a type of endocytosis; energy-requiring; much more regulated; ligands bind to transmembrane receptors and vesicles are activated to internalize the ligand

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65
Q

Lysosome

A

membrane bound sac that contains digestive enzymes

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66
Q

Peroxisome

A

membrane bound sac which contains enzymes which break down toxic substances that would otherwise harm the cell if broken down normally

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67
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

double membrane, have DNA that encodes proteins, can replicate

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68
Q

Mitochondria function

A

generates ATP, CO2, H2O, and heat

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69
Q

ATP

A

a high energy molecule; energy released from cleavage of the energy phosphate bond fuels cellular activities, from muscle contraction to the transport of substances in and out of cells to enzyme reactions; critical for homeostasis!

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70
Q

Plasma membrane

A

site of cellular boundary and transcellular movement of solutes and solvents

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71
Q

Main difference between interstitial fluid and plasma

A

plasma is inside blood vessels and has a high concentration of protein

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72
Q

The magnitude of flow between ECF and ICF is a direct function of __________.

A

The magnitude of the energy gradient that is present

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73
Q

Types of passive transport

A

simple diffusion; facilitated diffusion; ion channels; water channels and osmosis

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74
Q

Simple diffusion

A

flow of a substance across a membrane from a higher to a lower concentration

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75
Q

What does rate/flow of diffusion depend upon?

A

concentration difference, temperature, permeability of the membrane, and surface area

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76
Q

What molecules can pass through by simple diffusion?

A

small and uncharged or hydrophobic molecules such as O2, CO2, fatty acids, steroid hormones

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77
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

transporter proteins transport molecules too large or polar to directly diffuse across the membrane (ex: glucose); still down concentration gradient

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78
Q

Facilitated diffusion selectivity & saturation

A

transporters are specific for their ligand and there is a maximum flux of molecules that can be reached due to limited number of carriers

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79
Q

Facilitated diffusion mechanism

A

series of conformational changes; when something binds to the transporter it undergoes a shape change and thus function change to allow a molecule to flow through

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80
Q

Ion channels

A

integral membrane proteins that form aqueous pores allowing ions to permeate the membrane

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81
Q

What specifies ion selectivity?

A

diameter of the pore

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82
Q

What does net diffusion of ions depend on?

A

ion concentration and membrane potential

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83
Q

Gating

A

the process of transitioning between closed and open conformations

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84
Q

K+ concentration

A

extracellular: 5mM (low); intracellular: 150mM (high)

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85
Q

Na+ concentration

A

extracellular: 145mM (high); intracellular: 15mM (low)

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86
Q

Cl- concentration

A

extracellular: 108mM (high); intracellular: 10mM (low)

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87
Q

Ca++ concentration

A

extracellular: 1mM (higher); intracellular: 10^-9 (very low)

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88
Q

Osmosis

A

the net diffusion of water across a membrane

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89
Q

Aquaporins

A

channel proteins that facilitate osmosis; expression and insertion into the membrane varies among cell types

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90
Q

Osmolarity

A

total concentration of solute; also refers to water concentration because the higher the Osm, the lower the water concentration

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91
Q

Tonicity

A

reflects a solution’s effect on a cell’s volume

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92
Q

Normal osmolarity inside a cell

A

300 mOsm

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93
Q

Isotonic

A

solution with the same osmolarity as the inside of a cell; no change in cell volume

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94
Q

Hypotonic

A

solution with a lower osmolarity than the inside of a cell; cell swells

95
Q

Hypertonic

A

solution with a higher osmolarity than the inside of a cell; cel shrinks

96
Q

Primary active transport

A

hydrolysis of ATP required for function of carriers; molecule or ion binds to “recognition site” on one side of carrier protein; carrier protein undergoes conformational change to opposite side of membrane

97
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

active transport; extrudes 3 Na+ and transports 2 K+ inward against concentration gradient; helps maintain ionic gradients

98
Q

Secondary active transport

A

coupled transport (co-transport); energy needed for “uphill” movement obtained from “downhill” transport of Na+; does work that was established by primary active transport; ex: glucose UP its concentration gradient

99
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A

fertilized egg cell; can develop into a person in utero

100
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

can develop into any cell type

101
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

can develop into a limited number of cell type within a lineage

102
Q

Epithelial cells and tissue

A

consist of cells that form membranes which cover and line body surfaces and form glands; regulate movement of molecules into or our of body; secretion

103
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete chemicals into ducts that lead to outside the membrane

104
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete chemicals (hormones) into the blood

105
Q

Connective cells and tissues

A

characterized by large amount of extracellular material (matrix) between cells; connective tissues, fat, cartilage, bone, and blood cells

106
Q

Muscle cells and tissues

A

conduct electrical signals for contraction (generation of force0

107
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

voluntary; generally attached to bones; arranged in parallel bundles; each cell controlled individually (graded contraction)

108
Q

Smooth muscle

A

involuntary; found in digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles (lungs), ducts of urinary and reproductive system; show circular and longitudinal arrangements (constrict and push)

109
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

involuntary; found only in the heart; short branched and highly interconnected to coordinate pumping

110
Q

Neurons and nervous tissue

A

conduct electrical signals to communicate information

111
Q

Cell signaling

A

how cells communicate with each other; 4 types

112
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

autocrine substance acts on the same cell that secreted the substance

113
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

target cells in close proximity to site of release of paracrine substance

114
Q

Neuronal signaling

A

fast, specific; neuron or effector cell in close proximity to site of neurotransmitter release

115
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

distant, diffuse; target cells in one or more distant places in the body

116
Q

Receptors

A

gate-keepers of cell responsiveness to ligands

117
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

hydrophobic ligands diffuse across the plasma membrane into the cell & bind to induce conformational changes leading to alter gene transcriptional activity; slower but sustained respinses

118
Q

Membrane (integral) receptors

A

hydrophilic ligands bind on the outside of the cell leading to conformational changes and cellular responses involving changes in many cellular proteins; faster and less sustained responses

119
Q

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

A

the membrane potential of the inside of a cell (-90 to -65 mV) compared to the outside of a cell (0 mV)

120
Q

Depolarization

A

the membrane potential becomes less negative inside of a cell becomes more positive with respect to the RMP

121
Q

Repolarization

A

a return to the RMP

122
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

the membrane potential becomes more negative inside of a cell with respect to RMP

123
Q

Action potential

A

an all or none rapid depolarization and subsequent repolarization in membrane potential with a characteristic pattern caused by the opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels (in neurons and muscle cells)

124
Q

Passive ion channels

A

ion channels that are always open and allow ions to move down their concentration and electrical gradients (usually selective for K+); sometimes called “leak channels”

125
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

open or close when they detect a change in the membrane potential; open and then inactivate when the membrane depolarizes; close when the membrane repolarizes

126
Q

Why is RMP negative?

A

K+ flow out of the cell is much greater than Na+ into the cell due to K+ leak channels

127
Q

Basic functions of the nervous system (3)

A

sensory detection, information processing, behavior

128
Q

Sensory detection

A

transducing environmental signals into neural signals (sound, smell, heat, etc.)

129
Q

Information processing

A

transmission, integration, storage (memory), retrieval, perception, thought, learning, planning/implementation, emotion

130
Q

Behavior

A

cognition, movement, autonomic response, language

131
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

132
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves

133
Q

Spinal cord functions

A

conduit for incoming sensory data and outgoing movement commands; provides for spinal reflexes, which are simple automatic actions not involving the brain

134
Q

Brain function

A

control center for the entire nervous system

135
Q

Brain stem

A

links the spinal cord to the brain; regulation of basic physiological functions (ex: breathing rate, heart rate); composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

136
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station for sensory information; consciousness and sleep; center of brain connected to brain stem

137
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordination of our movement, sense of balance, and motor and procedural learning; at base of brain

138
Q

Limbic system

A

plays a role in our survival, memory, and emotions; important subregions

139
Q

Hypothalamus

A

a metabolic sensor (blood to brain), coordinates the autonomic nervous system, and plays a major role in regulating basic drives such as hunger, thirst, and sex; center of brain

140
Q

Hippocampus

A

involved in the creation of memories

141
Q

Amygdala

A

plays a major role in regulating our emotional experiences, especially fear, anger, and aggression; PTSD affects this

142
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

information processing center, learning and memory (“higher-level” cognitive processing)

143
Q

“Higher level” cognitive processing

A

perception, language, memory, decision making, memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness

144
Q

PNS function

A

gathers info about the external environment and the body’s internal environment for the brain through sensory neurons; serves as the conduit for the brain’s commands to the rest of the body through motor neurons

145
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

carries sensory input from receptors to the CNS and relays commands from the CNS to the skeletal muscles to control their movement

146
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

regulates our internal environment; consists of two parts

147
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

in control when we are very aroused and prepares us for defensive action; fight or flight

148
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

in control when the aroused state ends to return our body to its normal resting state

149
Q

Endocrine glandular system

A

works with the ANS in responding to stress, and plays a role in basic behaviors and bodily functions; secrete hormones

150
Q

Why is gray matter darker?

A

cell bodies and blood vessels

151
Q

Why is white matter lighter?

A

heavily myelinated axons

152
Q

Neurons

A

responsible for information transmission throughout the nervous system

153
Q

Glial cells

A

do not directly transmit information, but instead support neurons in their work by disposing of waste products of neurons, keeping their chemical environment stable, and insulating them

154
Q

Dendrites

A

the fibers that project out of the cell body, receiving information from other neurons; undergo graded potentials

155
Q

Cell body

A

contains the nucleus of the cell and other biological machinery to keep the cell alive

156
Q

Axon

A

transmits messages through the neuron; undergo action potentials

157
Q

Axon terminals

A

at the end of the axon and send messages to a different neuron

158
Q

Two features for long distance communication

A

morphological and functional asymmetry; unidirectional signaling

159
Q

Interneurons

A

exist only in the CNS; broad class; connect with each other, sensory, and motor neurons; create circuits

160
Q

Sensory neurons

A

carry information to the CNS from the sensory receptor in the eyes, muscles, and glands (afferent)

161
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry movement commands from the CNS to the rest of the body (efferent)

162
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate axons in the CNS; provides insulation for axonal conductance

163
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in the PNS; provides insulation for axonal conductance

164
Q

Ependymal cells

A

produce CSF; cushions and nourishes the brain

165
Q

CSF

A

protects brain, fluid buffer; buoyancy; receives and clears waste

166
Q

Astrocytes

A

maintain the BBB with their “end feet”; contain chemical communication/synaptic transmission (axon/dendrites wrap themselves around synapses so chemicals don’t leak out); extracellular sponges–soak up and buffer excess chemicals; metabolic support

167
Q

Microglia

A

immune sentinels–resident phagocytes, cleanup crew–removes microbes and foreign pathogens, neuron maintenance–synaptic pruning

168
Q

Graded potential

A

Magnitude changes with magnitude of triggering event; duration varies with duration of triggering event; decremental conduction; passive spread; can be summed; depolarization or hyperpolarization

169
Q

Action potential characteristics

A

once the stimulus threshold is reach, magnitude doesn’t change; propagates without degradation; magnitude of triggering response coded in frequency; very large, very rapid alteration

170
Q

Axon hillock

A

where axon emerges from cell body; where AP originates; high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels

171
Q

Threshold potential

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels open; send ions to get to -55mV

172
Q

Rising phase

A

Na+ rushes in, positive feedback loop up to +30mV; voltage-gated K+ channels begin to open

173
Q

Peak/Overshoot

A

membrane potential goes close to Na+ equilibrium potential; voltage-gated K+ channels open

174
Q

Falling phase

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate; voltage-gated K+ channels remain open

175
Q

Undershoot/Hyperpolarization

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed, deactivated; cell goes towards K+ equilibrium potential

176
Q

RMP restored

A

voltage-gated K+ channels are closed

177
Q

Signal propagation depends on…

A

membrane resistance, intracellular (axial) resistance, membrane capacitance

178
Q

Resistance

A

degree a substance opposes passage of electric current

179
Q

Capacitance

A

ability of something to hold charge

180
Q

Myelin sheath

A

layers of lipid wrapped around axons that allow electrical messages to be transmitted faster within the neuron

181
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

jumps in conduction

182
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

short unmyelinated sections along the axon where the action potential is regenerated by a chain of positively charged ions pushed along by the previous segment

183
Q

Graded response production

A

more intense and longer duration stimuli produce more frequent APs -> more frequent APs release more neurotransmitter -> more neurotransmitter increases the likelihood the next neuron will have an AP

184
Q

Synapse

A

site of information transfer

185
Q

Presynaptic element

A

axon terminal; contains synaptic vesicles filled with chemical transmitters

186
Q

Postsynaptic element

A

dendrite; high density of receptors

187
Q

3 types of synapses

A

axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic

188
Q

Electrical synapse

A

gap junctions allow direct ionic current flow between cells; very fast; found in the brain, but much less numerous than chemical synapses

189
Q

Chemical synapse

A

uses neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neuron that bind to receptor proteins on postsynaptic cell to alter its membrane potential; synaptic cleft, convert APs to chemical signals then back to APs; produces a graded potential

190
Q

CNS synapse

A

between CNS neurons; can create convergence (many synapses on one neuron integrate to determine output signal) or divergence (one neuron synapses onto many neurons)

191
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between motor neuron axon and skeletal muscle fiber; one to one AP transmission

192
Q

5 steps of synaptic transmission

A

synthesis, storage, release, receptor binding, removal/inaction

193
Q

Ways neurotransmitters are removed

A

breakdown by enzymes, reuptake by presynaptic terminal, reuptake by nearby glial cell, uptake by post-synaptic terminals, diffuse out of synaptic cleft, combination of those

194
Q

Two kinds of neural activity

A

excitatory and inhibitory

195
Q

Excitatory neural activity

A

causes another neuron to be more likely to fire

196
Q

Inhibitory neural activity

A

causes another neuron to become hyperpolarized, making it less likely to fire

197
Q

Agonists

A

drugs and poisons that increase the activity of one or more neurotransmitters

198
Q

Antagonists

A

drugs and poisons that decrease the activity of one or more neurotransmitters

199
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

involved in both learning and memory and muscle movement

200
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter

201
Q

Glutamate

A

main excitatory neurotransmitter

202
Q

ACh receptor subtypes

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

203
Q

ANS function

A

controls involuntary activity; defined as efferent systems; motor neurons from both divisions innervate smooth muscle, cardiac, glands

204
Q

Differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systems

A

effectors, efferent pathways, target organ responses to neurotransmitters

205
Q

Dual innervation

A

almost all visceral organs are served by both divisions, but they cause opposite effects

206
Q

Role of the sympathetic division

A

mobilizes the body during activity; promotes adjustments during exercise or when threatened

207
Q

Role of the parasympathetic division

A

promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy

208
Q

Origin of sympathetic fibers

A

thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

209
Q

Length of sympathetic fibers

A

short preganglionic and long postganglionic

210
Q

Location of sympathetic ganglia

A

close to spinal cord

211
Q

Origin of parasympathetic fibers

A

brain and sacral spinal cord (craniosacral)

212
Q

Length of parasympathetic fibers

A

long preganglionic and short postganglionic

213
Q

Location of parasympathetic ganglia

A

in visceral effector organs

214
Q

Sympathetic pathway

A

preganglionic neuron secretes ACh, receptor is nicotinic; postganglionic neuron secretes Norepinephrine, receptor is adrenergic

215
Q

Parasympathetic pathway

A

preganglionic neuron secretes ACh, receptor is nicotinic; postganglionic neuron secretes ACh, receptor is muscarinic

216
Q

Sympathetic nervous system exceptions

A

sweat glands postganglionic neuron secretes ACh to muscarinic receptors; adrenal glad doesn’t have a second neuron in the chain, epi and norepi are directly secreted to bloodstream

217
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic or muscarinic; named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects

218
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

always stimulatory, on all postganglionic neurons, ionotropic

219
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

can be inhibitory or excitatory; found on effector cells stimulated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons; metabotropic (“G-protein coupled”): sets off an intracellular signaling cascade

220
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

found on effector cells stimulated by sympathetic postganglionic neurons; 2 types–alpha and beta; effects of neurotransmitter depends on what receptor predominates on the target organ; metabotropic

221
Q

Heart sympathetic effect

A

beta 1 receptors; increases force of contraction, increases heart rate

222
Q

Heart parasympathetic effect

A

muscarinic receptors; decrease force of contraction, decrease heart rate

223
Q

Lungs sympathetic effect

A

beta 2 receptors; relaxes bronchial smooth muscle

224
Q

Lungs parasympathetic effect

A

muscarinic receptors; contracts bronchial smooth muscle

225
Q

GI tract and glands sympathetic effect

A

alpha 1 receptors; decrease motility, decreases secretion, decreases blood flow

226
Q

GI tract and glands parasympathetic effect

A

muscarinic receptors; increase motility, increases secretion

227
Q

Eyes sympathetic effect

A

alpha 1 receptors; dilate pupil

228
Q

Eyes parasympathetic effect

A

muscarinic receptors; constrict pupil

229
Q

Blood vessels sympathetic effect

A

alpha 1 receptors: constriction of blood vessels in most of body; beta 2 receptors: dilation of blood vessels that supply skeletal muscle

230
Q

Exception to dual innervation

A

blood vessels

231
Q

External genitalia sympathetic effect

A

alpha 1 receptors; cause vasoconstriction, ejaculation of semen and reflex contraction of vagina

232
Q

External genitalia parasympathetic effect

A

muscarinic receptors; cause vasodilation, erection of penis or clitoris

233
Q

Synergistic ANS effect

A

external genitalia, cooperative effect–both occur

PGY 206 (4 decks)

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