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Animal Genetics > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are autosomal traits?

A

Traits linked to autosomes

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2
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A family tree

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3
Q

Which gender is specified by “squares” in a pedigree?

A

Males

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4
Q

Explain what “carriers” are.

A

Recessive allele but does not show symptoms

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5
Q

Is it possible to have “carrier” for dominant traits?

A

No

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6
Q

List 2 examples of autosomal dominant diseases.

A

Huntington’s disease
Waardenburg

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7
Q

List 2 examples of autosomal recessive diseases

A

Cystic fibrosis
PKU

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8
Q

Shaded skips generation is autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive ?

A

recessive

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9
Q

Shaded do not skip generation is autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive ?

A

Dominant

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10
Q

What are sex-linked traits?

A

Associated with sex chromosomes

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11
Q

Under normal conditions, how many x chromosomes do males have?

A

1

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12
Q

List 2 examples of x-linked dominant diseases

A

Vitamin D resistant rickets
Fragile x

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13
Q

How many copies of a recessive allele do males need to inherit an x-linked recessive trait?

A

1

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14
Q

List 2 examples of x-linked recessive diseases.

A

Color blindness
Muscular dystrophy

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15
Q

List 2 examples of y-linked diseases.

A

Swyer
Male infertility

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16
Q

Does mitochondrial DNAinheritance follow rules of Gregor Mendel?

A

No

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17
Q

What shape do mitochondrial chromosomes have?

A

Round

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18
Q

What type of enzymes are encoded by mitochondrial genes?

A

Enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

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19
Q

From which parent do individuals inherit their mitochondrial dna from?

A

Mother

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20
Q

If a female’S mitochondrial gene has the genetic sequence “cgaac” what will be the expected genetic sequence of the same gene in her grandson?

A

Cgaac

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21
Q

Write 2 reasons why mitochondrial DNA is more abundant than nucleus DNA.

A

Each mitochondria has multiple copies
Cells have multiple mitochondria

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22
Q

Does cloning manipulate the mitochondrial DNA of the donor egg?

A

No

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23
Q

Which mitochondrial DNA mutation disease causes exercise intolerance in dogs?

A

Myopathy

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24
Q

Which mitochondrial DNA mutation disease causes blindness?

A

Lebers

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25
Q

Besides the nucleus and mitochondria, which other organelle in plant cells contains DNA?

A

Chloroplast

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26
Q

Which member of the British Royal family was helpful in identifying the tsarina of Russia through mitochondrial DNA comparisons?

A

Prince Phillip

27
Q

Is maternal effect the same thing as mitochondrial DNA inheritance?

A

No

28
Q

Mother’s genotype = offspring’s _________

A

Phenotype

29
Q

State whether “sinistral” coiling in snails is a dominant or recessive phenotype

A

Recessive

30
Q

Assume a female snail with genotype (DD) mates with a male having genotype (Dd). What type of coiling will the offspring display?

A

All dextral

31
Q

Assume a female snail with genotype (Dd) mates with a male having genotype (dd) in the P generation. What type of coiling will the offspring display in the F2 generation?

A

50% dextral, 50% sinistral

32
Q

Write 1 example of genomic imprinting in livestock animals.

A

Callipyge

33
Q

Sheep with callipyge inherit a suppressed gene from which parent?

A

Father

34
Q

Is the callipyge trait desirable for meat production?

A

No

35
Q

In prader-Willis syndrome, which parents genes are being suppressed?

A

Mother

36
Q

What epigenetic factor is causing gene suppression in people with Prader-Willi?

A

Methylation

37
Q

In Angelman’s syndrome, which parents gene is being suppressed

A

Father

38
Q

What is population genetics?

A

The study of how alleles and genotypes change in frequency over time.

39
Q

What is evolution?

A

Changes in population over time

40
Q

What term is used to describe changes in allele frequency due to chance events?

A

Genetic drift

41
Q

What type of populations are most strongly affected by genetic drift?

A

Small

42
Q

Explain what the “founder effect” is.

A

Migration of individuals from a population

43
Q

Explain what the “bottleneck effect” is.

A

Catastrophic event that affects random individuals

44
Q

What genetic change process involves an animal adapting to their environment?

A

Natural selection

45
Q

Who developed the concept of natural selection after traveling the world by ship?

A

Charles Darwin

46
Q

Based on the assumption of natural selection, what is the cause of variation in heritable traits?

A

Random mutations

47
Q

What exactly was Darwin referring to when he used the term “fitness”?

A

Reproductive success

48
Q

Define the term “gene pool”

A

Total number of alleles and genotypes in a population

49
Q

If a local population of angus cattle contains 124 total alleles for particular trait and 38 are recessive allele, calculate the allele frequency of the recessive alleles?

A

38/124 * 100 = 30.6%

50
Q

If a local population of 72 Dorper sheep contains 38 heterozygous, 20 homozygous dominant, and 14 homozygous recessive gentotypes, calculate the genotype frequency for homozygous dominant in the population.

A

20/72 * 100 = 27.8%

51
Q

What do geneticists use the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium concept for?

A

Look at genetic change over time

52
Q

What 5 assumptions must be valid for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

Random mating
No mutation
No migration
No natural selection
Large population

53
Q

If a population of cheetahs has a dominant allele frequency of 0.7, what is the recessive allele frequency in the population?

A

1 - 0.7 = 0.3

54
Q

Write 3 things that are not accurate in the movie Consumed

A

GMO do not cause skin allergies and vomiting
Pesticides do not cause acid rain
Chickens do not require 17 weeks to reach market weight without GMOs

55
Q

What does quantitative genetics study?

A

Traits that are measured on a numerical scale

56
Q

Write 1 example of a quantitative trait in animals

A

Height

57
Q

Describe the statistical distribution that quantitative traits display.

A

Variation in quantitate traits is represented by frequency distribution graphs, number of individuals with a specific trait

58
Q

Write 1 condition that must be met for a selected sample of animals to accurately represent a population of interest.

A

All individuals in a specific group are counted

59
Q

In the context of genetics, explain what a correlation is.

A

A relationship between 2 quantitative traits.

60
Q

List 2 traits that are positively correlated with one another

A

Energy intake and milk production

61
Q

List 2 traits that are negatively correlated with one another.

A

Number of eggs produced and egg weight

62
Q

If statistical analysis of 2 traits gave a correlation value of r= 0.74, what type of correlation exists between the 2 traits?

A

Positive correlation

63
Q

What type of genetic experiment is designed to locate genes that influence a specific trait of interest?

A

GWAS

Animal Genetics (4 decks)

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