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Animal Genetics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many genes can be found in a strand of DNA?

A

thousands

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2
Q

Which structure in the nucleus contain DNA?

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Any chromosoms that are not sex chromosomes

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4
Q

How many sex chromosomes does every animal have?

A

2

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5
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype - genetic makeup
Phenotype - physical traits

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6
Q

What is DNA Replication?

A

making copies of DNA

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7
Q

What is Transcription?

A

Process of using DNA to make RNA

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8
Q

What is Translation?

A

Using RNA to build a protein

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9
Q

What are the 4 nucleotides found in DNA?

A

A, G, C, T

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10
Q

Define what a mutation is.

A

Any change to the DNA

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11
Q

Are animal cells prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic

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12
Q

Which type of cells do not have a nucleus?

A

Prokaryotes

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13
Q

Which structure within the nucleus is responsible for producing ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

What is the main job of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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15
Q

Are ribosomes located in the smooth ER or rough ER?

A

Rough ER

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16
Q

Which organelle has functions similar to the post office?

A

Golgi

17
Q

Which organelle produces most of the cell’s energy?

A

Mitochondria

18
Q

Name 2 organelles that contain DNA.

A

Mitochondria and Nucleus

19
Q

Which structures are important for cell division?

A

Centrioles

20
Q

What happens during the “S phase” of interphase?

A

DNA Replication

21
Q

List the 4 phases of mitosis in order and describe what happens in each.

A

Prophase
- chromatin condenses into chromosomes
- nuclear membrane disappears
- centrioles move to opposite ends of cell and produce spindle fibers

Metaphase
- Spindle fibers move the chromosomes to center of cell
- chromosomes line up in the middle (metaphase plate)

Anaphase
- spindle fibers separate sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase
- centrioles disappear (spindle fibers)
- membrane forms around the daughter chromosomes
- chromosomes revert back to chromatin (lose shape)

22
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides and 2 new cells are created

23
Q

What type of cells in the body undergo meiosis?

A

Sex cells (sperm and egg) (gametes)

24
Q

Briefly describe what crossing over is in meiosis.

A

Swapping of DNA

25
Q

In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I

26
Q

In what phase of meiosis are sister chromatids finally separate?

A

Anaphase II

27
Q

Describe 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis

A
  • Mitosis
    • 1 round of cell division
    • produces diploid cells
    • does not have crossing over
  • Meiosis
    • 2 rounds of cell division
    • produces haploid cells
    • has crossing over
28
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Failure of sister chromatids to separate

29
Q

What disorder does an “XYY” person have?

A

Jacobs

30
Q

What disorder does an “XXY” person have?

A

Klinefelter

31
Q

What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

A
  • Benign - stays in place
  • Malignant - spreads
32
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread of cancer cells to another region of the body

33
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

any mutated gene that causes cancer

34
Q

What are pro-oncogenes?

A

Normal genes that can be mutated

35
Q

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?

A

Stopping the growth of tumors

36
Q

Name 1 type of cancer caused by viruses.

A

Leukemia

37
Q

Name 3 carcinogen chemicals that livestock can be exposed to.

A
  • Pesticides
  • Industrial waste
  • Radon gas
38
Q

What would be a structural defect observed in a cancer cell?

A

Abnormal shape

Animal Genetics (4 decks)

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