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Animal Genetics > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is nutrigenomics?

A

Study of how nutrients affect gene expression

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2
Q

Describe the extracellular mechanism for gene activation or gene inactivation

A
  1. Protein binds to receptor on cell membrane
  2. Triggers complex signaling cascade
  3. Interaction with nucleus to influence transcription
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3
Q

Describe the intracellular mechanism for gene activation or gene inactivation

A
  1. Lipid passes through cell membrane and binds to internal receptor to form a complex
  2. Complex interacts with nucleus and causes changes in transcription
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4
Q

What causes a female bee to develop into a Queen bee?

A

Drinking royal jelly

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5
Q

What type of diets are most likely to cause milk fat depression in ruminant animals?

A

High grain

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6
Q

Which type of fatty acids are most likely to prevent transcription of milk fat synthesis genes?

A

Trans-10

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7
Q

Is milk fat depression caused by the extracellular mechanism or the intracellular mechanism?

A

Intracellular mechanism

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8
Q

How does vitamin D increase absorption of calcium

A

Increases transcription of calcium binding protein

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9
Q

Which hormone in the body do Beta agonist products mimic?

A

Epinephrine

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10
Q

What is another word for viruses?

A

Phage

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11
Q

Why are viruses considered non-living?

A

Cannot do much without a host cell

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12
Q

List the 4 types of virus genomes

A

ss RNA
ds RNA
ss DNA
ds DNA

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13
Q

Describe the lytic cycle of viruses

A

Virus enters cell, replicates, destroys host cell

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14
Q

Describe the lysogenic cycle of viruses

A

Virus enters cell, gets incorporated into host DNA, remains dormant

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15
Q

Which viral disease is commonly observed after calves are transported to a feedlot?

A

Bovine Respiratory disease

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16
Q

How do animals typically become infected with rabies virus?

A

Biting

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17
Q

What virus is commonly transmitted to horses from mosquitos?

A

West Nile virus

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18
Q

What is cloning?

A

Making a copy of DNA or organism

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19
Q

What was the name of the first successful clone of an adult mammal?

A

Dolly the sheep

20
Q

Name 1 major animal cloning company in the United States

A

ViaGen

21
Q

Name the 2 methods that can be used to produce clones.

A

Embryo splitting
Dolly method

22
Q

Describe the procedure for embryo splitting.

A

A sharp tool is used to cut an embryo in half. Each half embryo becomes a new clone

23
Q

Describe the procedure for somatic cell nuclear transfer.

A

The nucleus is removed from an egg cell. The egg is fused with a somatic cell. The combined cell is then implanted into a female.

24
Q

Which method of cloning is most commonly used today?

A

Dolly method

25
Q

What type of effects are usually responsible for malformations in cloned animals?

A

Epigenetic effects

26
Q

What is a transgenic animal?

A

An animal that receives genes from a foreign species

27
Q

Write 1 example of how transgenic livestock can be helpful to human medicine.

A

Use them to make human insulin

28
Q

Write 1 example of an existing transgenic fish.

A

Glow fish

29
Q

Describe what the “enviropig” is and explain why it would benefit the swine inclustry.

A

This pig contains phytase enzyme which reduces phosphorus waste in feces

30
Q

Describe all steps involved with making a transgenic animal

A

Insert a foreign gene into an embryo cell and implant it into a female for development

31
Q

What is xenotransplantation?

A

Transferring body parts from a foreign animal into a human

32
Q

If you could use crispr-cas9 to improve future animal agriculture, explain your idea on what you would use crispr-cas9 for.

A

It can be used to treat genetic diseases

33
Q

What is the difference between Mendelian inheritance and non-mendelian inheritance?

A

Mendelian - follow rules of Gregor Mendel
Non-Mendelian - does not follow rules

34
Q

What is an F1 generation?

A

Offspring of P generation

35
Q

In 2 sentences, describe Mendel’s law of dominance

A

There are dominant and recessivealleles for each trait. Dominant always overpowers recessive

36
Q

In 2 sentences, describe Mendel’s law of segregation

A

Each allele is separated from its parent cell and made into a sperm or egg. The sperm or egg contains 1 allele.

37
Q

In 1 sentence, describe Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

Each trait is independent of other traits because each trait is linked to different genes.

38
Q

If a male with genotype Bb is mated with a female with genotype Bb, what is the probability that the offspring will have black hair?

A

75%

39
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

Dominant is expressed

40
Q

What is codominance?

A

Both alleles are expressed

41
Q

List 2 examples of codominance in animals.

A

Roan colored cattle
Checkered chickens

42
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Trait lies in between 2 alleles

43
Q

List 2 examples of incomplete dominance in animals.

A

Grey cats
palomino horses

44
Q

What is epistasis?

A

One gene inhibits a different gene

45
Q

List 2 examples of epistasis in animals.

A

Chocolate lab
brown rats

Animal Genetics (4 decks)

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