Exam 4 Flashcards
innate immunity
fights the same every time it is exposed to a pathogen
adaptive immunity
changes and becomes better every time it fights an infection
immunological memory
ex: chicken pox/small pox
exterior defenses
- skin (thick)
- secretions (lysosomes, mucus)
- mechanical effects (respiratory elevator)
- normal flora (attack bacteria)
lysosyme
enzyme, most produced, that breaks sugar and peptidoglycan bond
respiratory elevator
mucus coats the walls of the bronchial tubes
- cilia are synchronized, beat in time with one another
- particles are moved 1-3 cm/hr out of the lower resp. tract
inside defenses
phagocytic cells
splenic macrophage
recycles old blood
phagocyctic
take it in and break it down
monocyte/macrophage
get rid of big old cells
- circulating and resident
polymorphonuclear cell (neutrophil)
- first response (primary circulating phagocyte)
- non-dividing
- short lived
- no mitochondria
what do PMNs do
float around in blood stream and eat things when they touch it
monocyte
when it is circulating/before it decides to eat
macrophage
when it decides to do the eating
blood
monocyte
liver
kupffer cells
kidney
intraglomerular mesangial cells
lung
alveolar macrophage
connective tissue
histiocyte
brain
microglia
spleen
sinus macrophage
lymph node
sinus macrophage
PAMPs
pathogen activated molecular pattern
toll-like receptor
surface proteins recognize macromolecules and trigger phagocytic response when attaches to target (responds to PAMP and triggers pathway signals)
oxidative burst
- reactive compounds
- anti-microbial
(lysozyme)
(lactoferrin) - myeloperoxidase
(halogen compounds)
opsonin
binds to cells and makes them susceptible to phagocytosis
C3b
an opsonin
complement
part of blood that works with the immune system to remove dead cells
pro-inflammatory molecules
C3a and C5a
formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)
C5b, C6-C9
three C3 pathways
- inflammation
- opsonization (makes a thing easy to phagocytose)
- cytolysis (membrane attack)
what releases pro-inflammatory compounds
mast cells
classical complement pathway
antibodies bind to microbe
- C1 binds to antibody
- cleavage of C2, C4 produces C2a and C4b, leads to activation of C3
- cleavage of C3
(the three C3 pathways)
alternative complement pathway
- factors B, D, P are complement proteins
- interact with lipid carbohydrate complex on microbial surface
- act directly on C3
lectin complement pathway
- mannose binding lectin (MBL)
- mannose found in many bacterial cell surface structures
- activates C2 and C4, C2a and C4b activate C3
- MBP takes place of C1 antibody complex
membrane attack complex
- amphipathic structure
- 1 hydrophobic face
- 1 hydrophilic face
acute inflammation chemical mediators
mast cells
acute inflammation
- phagocyte chemotaxis
- permeabilization of the vascular wall
- fluid flow into tissue
- diapedesis
recruitment by MO
- pro inflammatory cytokines
- neutrophil chemotaxis
- vascular permeabilization
acute phase proteins
- high levels in blood during inflammation
- opsonin
- pro inflammatory signal