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Exercise Physiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Heart

A

four-chambered organ that provides the drive for blood flow

11 oz. for average male
9 oz. for average female

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2
Q

Myocardium

A

heart muscle, myocardial fibers interconnect in latticework fashion to allow the heart to function as a unit

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3
Q

Stroke Volume

A

amount of blood being eject every time the heart beats

70 mL at rest

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4
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

5L = 70mL x 72

can change based off training or presence of disease

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5
Q

right side of the heart

A

receives blood returning from body

pumps blood to lungs for aeration through pulmonary circulation

deoxygenated

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6
Q

left side of the heart

A

receives oxygenated blood from lungs

pumps blood into thick-walled muscular aorta for distribution via systemic circulation

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7
Q

upper portion of heart

A

atrium

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8
Q

lower portion of heart

A

ventricles

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9
Q

atrioventricular valves (tricuspid)

A

provides one-way blood flow from the right atrium to right ventricle

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10
Q

atrioventricular valves (bicuspid/mitral)

A

provides one-way blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

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11
Q

semilunar valves

A

located in arterial wall just outside heart; prevents blood from flowing back into the heart between contractions

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12
Q

13 steps of blood flow through the heart

A
  1. body
  2. inferior/superior vena cava
  3. right atrium
  4. tricuspid valve
  5. right ventricle
  6. pulmonary arteries
  7. lungs
  8. pulmonary veins
  9. left atrium
  10. mitral/bicuspid valve
  11. left ventricle
  12. aortic valve
  13. out to body
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13
Q

myocardial contraction

A

atrial chambers serve as “primer pumps” to receive and store blood during ventricular contraction

simultaneous contraction of both atria forces remaining blood into ventricles

almost immediately after atrial contraction, ventricles contract and propel blood into arterial system

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14
Q

systole

A

contraction phase

blood is pumped out of chamber

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15
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase

blood fills chamber

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16
Q

Autorhythmaticity

A

ability of cardiac muscle tissue to initiate impulse for contraction at regular intervals

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17
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

pacemaker of cardiac contraction made up of specialized nervous tissue; initiates atrial contraction/systole

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18
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

delays impulse by 1/10 of second, allowing atria to contract before ventricles

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19
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

rapidly spreads impulse to contract ventricles in a synchronized manner

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20
Q

EKG (P wave)

A

atria contraction/depolarization

following P wave, pause due to AV node

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21
Q

EKG (QRS complex)

A

ventricular contraction/depolarization (atrial relaxation/repolarization occurs during this time but is obscured by ventricular activity)

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22
Q

EKG (T wave)

A

ventricular relaxation/repolarization

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23
Q

parasympathetic system

A

hyperpolarizes SA Node

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24
Q

sympathetic system

A

increases heart rate and stroke volume

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25
Q

arterial system

A

high-pressure tubing that propels oxygen-rich blood to tissues

layers of connective tissue and smooth muscle

no gaseous exchange occurs between arterial blood and surrounding tissues

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26
Q

metarterioles

A

arterioles branch and form smaller less muscular vessels

end in microscopically small blood vessels called capillaries that contain 6% of total blood volume

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27
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

consists of a ring of smooth muscle encircling the capillary at its origin and controls its diameter

constriction and relaxation provide a means for blood flow regulation within a specific tissue to meet metabolic requirements

28
Q

Two factors trigger precapillary sphincter relaxation to open more capillaries

A

Driving force of increased local BP plus intrinsic neural control

Local metabolites produced in exercise

29
Q

Ejection fraction (EF)

A

ratio of available blood to pumped blood

EF = SV/EDV (end-diastolic volume)*100

30
Q

endurance training

A

can increase EDV, increasing SV & decreasing HR

can also increase plasma volume, which may increase ventricle filling and force of contraction by Frank-Starling

SV may increase because of increased ventricular contractility, ESV may decrease

31
Q

moderately trained or untrained people

A

SV increases with exercise intensity up to 40% to 50% of peak oxygen consumption

32
Q

Frank-Starling Mechanism

A

increased venous return stretches or “preloads” the ventricle, causing reactionary increase in contractile force of ventricle. This results in lower ESV

33
Q

blood pressure in aorta increasing/high

A

If blood pressure in aorta increases, SV decreases

If blood pressure in an artery is high, EF into that artery can decrease. To overcome high blood pressure and increase EF, heart would have to work harder; if blood pressure is too high (hypertension), heart may not be able to supply sufficient oxygen, causing ischemia

34
Q

Blood pressure

A

Cardiac output × Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

35
Q

blood pressure mediation

A

Force of blood against arterial walls during cardiac cycle

Peripheral vessels do not permit blood to“run off” into arterial system as rapidly as it ejects from heart

Aorta “stores” some ejected blood, which creates pressure within the entire arterial system

Arterial blood pressure reflects the combined effects of arterial blood flow per minute and resistance to flow in peripheral vasculature

36
Q

hypertension central mediation

A

via sympathetic hyperactivity

more Epi/Norep, more Angiotensin II

37
Q

hypertension peripheral mediation

A

via damage to the endothelial wall

structural alterations - collagen vs. elastin

peptide release - reduced NO, too much Endothelin (ET-1)

38
Q

Angiotensin II

A

hypertensive hormone, increases blood volume, big vasoconstrictor, increases blood pressure

exercise can help decrease the amount of angiotensin II we produce

39
Q

venoconstriction

A

constriction of veins via sympathetic stimulation

veins contain 65% of blood volume, storage reservoirs/capacitance blood vessels

40
Q

Muscle Pump

A

rhythmic muscle contractions propelling blood to heart through one-way valves of veins (prevents backflow and ensures that blood moves towards heart when pumped)

41
Q

respiratory pump

A

changes in intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure during expiration & inspiration, forcing blood in those cavities to flow toward heart

42
Q

varicose veins

A

Valves within a vein fail to maintain one-way blood flow; blood gathers in vein so they become excessively distended and painful

Usually occurs in surface veins of lower extremities

People with varicose veins should avoid static, straining-type exercises like resistance training

Exercise does not prevent varicose veins, but regular exercise can minimize discomfort and complications

43
Q

3 components of blood

A

plasma (55% of whole blood volume)

buffy coat (eukocytes and platelets less than 1%)

erthrocytes (45% of whole blood volume)

44
Q

plasma

A

55% - 60% of total blood volume

may decrease in volume as much as 10% during intense physical activity

can increase as much as 10% at rest because of adaptations to training or acclimatization to hot, humid environments

45
Q

platelets

A

important for blood clotting

contribute to heart attack, stroke, plaque build up

46
Q

red blood cells

A

transport oxygen via hemoglobin

produced in bone marrow of long bones

4 month lifespan

nuclei removed when produce, can’t repair themselves

47
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin

produced by kidneys and stimulates RBC in long bones

hypoxic environment helps to produce more EPO

48
Q

blood supply of myocardium

A

coronary artery branches off aorta & supplies blood to heart (oxygenated)

blood pressure is highest in aorta

coronary artery branches into right & left sides

49
Q

anastomosis

A

intercommunication between 2 arteries ensuring blood flow to area even if one artery is blocked

50
Q

oxygen delivery to tissue

A

blood flow increases during exercise for delivery (oxygen, glucose, triglyceride) and removal (carbon dioxide)

51
Q

oxygen delivery depends on…

A

amount of oxygen tissue takes out of blood flowing by it

52
Q

fick equation

A

oxygen delivery = blood flow x a-vO2 diff

VO2 = oxygen consumption

Cardiac output (Q) = blood flow

VO2 = Q × a-vO2 diff

53
Q

control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Release of norepinephrine by sympathetic nerves causes vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

Release of epinephrine by sympathetic nerves can cause both vasoconstriction and vasodilation

54
Q

autoregulation

A

changes in skeletal muscle during exercise that stimulate smooth muscle chemoreceptros in precapillary sphincters & increase vasodilation

55
Q

O2 kinetic chain during exercise

A

Respiratory (up-take)

Central Circulation (transport)

Peripheral Extraction (use)

56
Q

maximal oxygen uptake

A

the maximal amount of oxygen that can be consumed during dynamic exercise while breathing ambient air at sea level

(VO2max, maximal aerobic power, functional aerobic power)

57
Q

rate limiting factor

A

physiological process when at its maximal level of function sets an upper limit (functionally) for entire oxygen kinetic chain

sets the limits of performance

58
Q

central (Q)

A

heart rate x stroke volume: central

research has demonstrated a 20% increase in SV

59
Q

physiological adaptations (SV)

A

Increased internal left ventricular volume and mass

Reduced cardiac and arterial stiffness

Increased diastolic filling time

Improved intrinsic cardiac contractile function

Increased plasma volume

Increased red blood cell volume

60
Q

peripheral response (arteriovenous O2 difference)

A

amount of oxygen extracted by tissue

measurement of bodys skeletal muscle ability to extract and utilize oxygen

rest = 5ml/dl

max exercise = 16-18 ml/dl

61
Q

physiological adaptations (A-VO2 diff)

A

Increased muscle-capillary density

Increased mitochondrial density

Increased hemoglobin

Ultimately equates to a rightward shift in oxyhemaglobin dissociation curve

62
Q

detraining

A

occurs rapidly when a person terminates participation on regular physical activity

only 1-2 weeks of detraining reduces both metabolic & exercise capacity, many training improvements fully lost within several weeks

63
Q

The relationship between blood volumes and pressure. How might an increased pressure in one of the chambers alter the blood flow dynamics?

A

As blood enters ventricle, pressure increases, more forceful contraction. During diastole, if pressure is increased, blood cannot enter the chamber as efficiently.

64
Q

Contraction and blood volumes.

A

stroke volume is enhanced with exercise, end-diastolic volume is enhanced, we have more to pump so we can pump more out.

65
Q

heart rate (mitochondria)

A

Grow the total number of mitochondria and mitochondria become larger = enhanced oxidative processes = enhanced O2 kinetic chain

66
Q

How might exercise alter the blood flow and pressure relationships?

A

Endurance training increases EDV, increasing SV, decreasing HR

67
Q

How might exercise improve hypertension?

A

Exercise diminishes angiotensin II helping to decrease hypertension.

Exercise Physiology (5 decks)

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