Exam 2 Flashcards
Bioenergetics (Metabolism)
chemical process of converting food into energy
catabolic
breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules
anabolic
building smaller molecules into larger molecules
glycogen
storage form of glucose in animals (stored in muscle and liver)
glycogenesis
formation of glycogen from glucose
glycogenolysis
breaking down glycogen into glucose
ATP-Pcr cycle
CK (creatine kinase) controls rate of ATP production (negative feedback system)
when ATP levels drop ADP and CK activity increases
when ATP levels increase CK activity decreases
ATP-Pcr system
stored ATP (2-3 seconds of max effort)
phosphocreatine is broken down by creatine kinase, which can be used to create ATP
last 30 sec (short, intense sprints/vertical jumps)
role of glucose in glycolysis
glucose transforms to lactate when limited amounts of oxygen are available
the role of ATP-Pcr on fatigue and how it relates to intensity and time of exercise
breakdown of ATP & PCR not primary cause of decreased muscle force and fatigue, breakdown of PC occurs, aerobic recovery period is necessary to provide energy to reform PC
high intensity bouts are accompanied by lower-intensity recovery periods
how does exercise alter these systems (ATP-Pcr)
increases in major enzymes (CK) would result in faster regeneration of ATP
in anaerobic training, some studies demonstrate increased intramuscular concentrations of ATP and PC at rest
what is lactate and how is it produced?
when cells break down carbs for energy, remaining compound bind with positively charged sodium ion or potassium ion to form the acid salt lactate
forms during anaerobic glycolysis
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and what contributes to it?
minimum # of calories required for basic function at rest
body size (larger adults have more metabolizing tissue and larger BMR), amount of lean muscle tissue, amount of body fat
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and what contributes to it?
of calories that your body burns while its at rest
physical activity, increased metabolic rate during exercise partially carries over when exercise stops
glycolysis (aerobic vs anaerobic)
Aerobic: slow, results in pyruvate-to-acetyly CoA-to-citric acid cycle (krebs) and electron transport of the remaining energy within original glucose molecule 2 ATP
Anaerobic: pyruvate-to-lactate formation with the release of about 5% of energy within the original glucose molecule, more ATP production 2 ATP, 3 ATP from glycogen
krebs cycle
pyruvate in the absence of oxygen converted to lactate
oxidative phosphorylation
ETC, breaking down hydrogens to produce huge amounts of ATP
fate of pyruvate during aerobic metabolism
pyruvate is transported to mitochondria. inside mitochondria pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation and produces acetyl CoA
fate of pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism
pyruvate undergoes reduction which produces lactate
EPOC
post exercise oxygen consumption
amount of oxygen required to restore body to its normal resting level of metabolic functions (homeostasis)
oxygen deficit
difference between total oxygen consumed during exercise and total that would have been consumed had steady-rate oxygen uptake been achieved at the start of exercise
rate limiting factors
fluid loss/electrolyte depletion and maintaining adequate reserves of liver glycogen for CNS function & muscle glycogen to power exercise
why is fat oxidation increased walking vs cycling?
when walking, your weight is supported o your ankles activating more muscles. more muscles activated = the greater fat oxidation.
why might femals have an enhanced fat oxidation vs males?
females typically have more adipose tissue, more tissue you have, more you can burn
