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Exercise Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

ventilatory anatomy

A

Nose/nostrils
nasal cavity OR oral cavity
pharynx (throat)
larynx (voice box)
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi (large airways)
bronchioles (small airways)
alveoli

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2
Q

Alveoli function/ anatomy

A

Function: site of exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide during breathing in and out; tremendous surface area where diffusion can take place.

Anatomy: saclike structures surrounded by capillaries in lungs; balloon shaped.

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3
Q

Conducting zones

A

trachea and terminal bronchioles; anatomic dead space

function in air transport, humidification, warming, particle filtration, vocalization, immunoglobulin secretion.

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4
Q

Transitional and Respiratory zones

A

bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

Function in gas exchange, surfactant production, molecule activation and inactivation, blood clotting regulation, and endocrine function.

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5
Q

MVV, what is it? Why is it useful?

A

Maximum Voluntary Ventilation.

Evaluates ventilatory capacity with rapid and deep breathing for 15s.

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6
Q

phases of inspiration

A
  • diaphragm contracts, flattens, and moves downward toward the abdominal cavity
  • elongation & enlargement of the chest cavity expands air in the lungs, causing its intrapulmonic pressure to decrease slightly below atmospheric pressure
  • lungs inflate as nose and mouth suck air inward
  • completed when thoracic cavity expansion ceases; this causes equality between intrapulmonic and ambient atmospheric pressures
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7
Q

phases of expiration

A
  • sternum and ribs drop, diaphragm rises (decreasing chest cavity volume & compressing alveolar gas), moving air from respiratory tract to the environment
  • completes when compressive force of expiratory muscles cease and intrapulmonic pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure
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8
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

allows the inhalation of air into the lungs as gases move down their concentration gradient from high to low concentration.

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9
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

during expiration, diaphragm applies pressure to thoracic cavity and compresses the lungs, which increases intrapulmonary pressure more than atmospheric pressure causing air to expel from lungs.

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10
Q

What is the role of surfactant?

A

Lubricates surface and decreases surface tension.

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11
Q

FVC

A

stroke volume of the lungs.

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12
Q

FEV

A

FEV – Forced Expiratory Volume, maximal airflow measured over one sec (FEV1.0)

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13
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume, amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume.

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14
Q

how can FVC, FEV, IRV FVC be used in the determination of disease?

A

Can be used to measure stages of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).

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15
Q

Know how males and females vary anatomically and physiologically in regards to lung(s) function.

A

MVV ranges between 140 – 180L/min in healthy college-age men, and 80 – 120 L/min in healthy, college-age women

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16
Q

Anatomical Dead space

A

air-filled in conducting airways and does not participate in gas exchange, conducting zone.

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17
Q

Physiological Dead space

A

sum of all parts of the tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange; collapsed alveoli, blocked capillary

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18
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs or breathing​

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19
Q

Pulmonary diffusion

A

movement of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood; oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood​

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20
Q

Gas transport

A

movement of blood containing gases; oxygen traveling in blood from lungs to tissues, carbon dioxide traveling in blood from tissues to lungs

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21
Q

Capillary gas exchange

A

exchange of gases between the blood and the body’s tissues at the periphery; oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from tissues

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22
Q

Pulmonary respiration

A

pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary diffusion

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23
Q

Cellular respiration

A

use of oxygen in aerobic metabolism and production of carbon dioxide (within tissues)​

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24
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A
  • conducts air into & out of lungs
  • exchanges gases between air & blood
  • humidifies air (prevents damage to membranes due to drying out)
  • warms air (helps maintain temperature)
  • filters air
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25
Q

functions of the respiratory system: filters air

A

Mucus traps airborne particles​

Cilia move mucus toward oral cavity to be expelled​

Particles not caught by mucus is engulfed by macrophages​

Goblet cell creates mucus

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26
Q

lungs

A

Provide the gas exchange surface that separates blood from surrounding gaseous environment​

O2 transfers from alveolar air into alveolar capillary blood while the blood’s CO2 moves into the alveolar the alveoli and then into ambient air

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27
Q

alveoli

A

Saclike structures surrounded by capillaries in lungs​

Attached to respiratory bronchioles​

Site of exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide

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28
Q

respiratory membrane

A

2 cell membranes that aid diffusion

  • membrane of alveolar cells
  • membrane of cells of capillary wall
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29
Q

Increase in volume of intrathoracic cavity

A

Increases lung volume​

Decreases intrapulmonic pressure​

Causes air to rush into lungs (inspiration)​

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30
Q

Decrease in volume of intrathoracic cavity:​

A

Decreases lung volume​

Increases intrapulmonic pressure​

Causes air to rush out of lungs (expiration)​

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31
Q

ventilatory pump

A

must create negative pressure within thorax

must provide system for distribution of inhaled air to alveoli

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32
Q

Pulmonic pressure

A

pressure inside lungs (760 mm/Hg)​

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33
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

pressure in your surroundings (760 mm/Hg)​

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34
Q

Boyles Law

A

inverse relationship between space/volume and pressure​

35
Q

What determines the partial pressure of gases?

A

Portion of pressure due to a particular gas in a mixture of gases.

36
Q

Why is there a decrease in partial pressure from the ambient air to the alveoli?

A

As air enters the lungs, it’s humidified by the upper airway, the water vapor reduces the O2 partial pressure. Rest is due to continual uptake of oxygen by the pulmonary capillaries, and continual diffusion of CO2 out of the capillaries into the alveoli.

37
Q

Know the driving force of gases into and out of the blood, tissues.

A

The change in partial pressure from the alveoli to the capillaries drives oxygen into the tissues and CO2 into the blood from the tissues.

38
Q

Know how oxygen is transported and what can affect this (Bohr effect).

A

RBCs containing hemoglobin transports 98% of oxygen.

39
Q

Bohr effect

A

a decrease in the amount of oxygen associated with hemoglobin and other respiratory compounds in response to a lowered blood pH resulting from an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.

40
Q

Be familiar with 2,3 DPG and its effects on oxygen transport.

A

Increased levels of RBC 2,3-DPG occur in cardiopulmonary disorders and in those who live at high altitudes to facilitate O2 release

41
Q

What is the arterial-venous VO2 difference?

A

Describes the difference between oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed-venous blood.

42
Q

Know the role of myoglobin and what it is.

A

Oxygen transport molecule similar to hemoglobin; reversibly binds with oxygen. Makes muscle appear red; is high in type I fibers.

43
Q

How is CO2 transported and the importance of its transport.

A

7% - 10% is dissolved in plasma, 20% is bound to hemoglobin.
Oxygen and low PCO2 lungs cause CO2 to be released from hemoglobin.

44
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 bound to the globin portion of hemoglobin.

45
Q

factors promoting diffusion

A

Large surface area of alveoli​

Thinness of respiratory membrane (2 cells thick)​

Pressure differences of oxygen & carbon dioxide between air in alveoli & blood​​

46
Q

Partial pressure

A

portion of pressure due to a particular gas in a mixture of gases​

47
Q

Dalton’s law

A

total pressure of gas mixture = sum of partial pressures of each gas. Each gas moves according to its own individual pressure gradient.​

48
Q

Fick’s law

A

Volume of gas that diffuses is proportional to surface area available for diffusion, diffusion coefficient of gas, and the difference in partial pressure of gases​

49
Q

Henry’s law

A

amount of gas dissolved in any fluid depends on temperature, partial pressure of gas, & solubility of gas​

50
Q

oxygen depends on:

A
  • concentration of gases in ambient air
  • partial pressure of gases in ambient air
51
Q

tracheal air

A

Air completely saturates with water vapor as it enters nasal cavities and mouth and passes down the respiratory tract (conducting zone)​

As a result of humidification, the effective Po2 in tracheal air decreases by 10 mm Hg from ambient value of 159 mm Hg to 149 mm Hg

52
Q

alveolar air

A

Average pressures exerted by O2 and CO2 against alveolar (respiratory zone) side of alveolar–capillary membrane:​

Po2 = 103 mm Hg ​

Pco2 = 39 mm Hg

53
Q

henrys law - two determining factors

A

Pressure difference between gas and fluid​

Solubility of gas into the fluid (low in O2, high with CO2)

54
Q

lung blood flow

A

Determines velocity at which blood passes through pulmonary capillaries​

Increased blood flow during exercise results in increased gas diffusion​

Blood pressure in pulmonary circulation is low compared with systemic

55
Q

oxygen transport: in physical solution dissolved in the fluid portion of blood

A

Oxygen’s relative insolubility in water keeps its concentration low within body fluids

56
Q

hemoglobin

A

Carries 65 to 70 times more O2 than dissolved in plasma​

Each of the four iron atoms in hemoglobin molecule can loosely bind one oxygen molecule

57
Q

heme

A

iron molecule that binds 4 oxygens per hemoglobin; globin: protein​

58
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen bound to hemoglobin​

59
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin not bound to oxygen​

Concentration of hemoglobin determines amount of oxygen that can be transported​

60
Q

anemia

A

causes significant decreases in iron availability to decrease hemoglobin concentration, which reduces content of RBCs that reduce the blood’s ​O2-carrying capacity​

61
Q

ph & oxyhemoglobin: increase in acidity (e.g. exercise)

A

Shifts curve to right​

Decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen​

Increases oxygen delivery to tissue

62
Q

decrease in acidity

A

Shifts curve to left​

Increases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen​

Decreases oxygen delivery to tissue

63
Q

increase in 2,3 DPG

A

Shifts curve to right​

Decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

64
Q

decrease in 2,3 DPG

A

Shifts curve to left​

Increases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

65
Q

gas exchange at the muscle

A

occurs due to partial pressure differences between oxygen & carbon dioxide between tissue & blood

66
Q

carbon dioxide transport

A

7% to 10% is dissolved in plasma​

20% is bound to hemoglobin

70% is transported as bicarbonate

67
Q

Regulation of ventilation

A

Complex mechanisms adjust breathing rate and depth to the body’s metabolic needs.

68
Q

What is the respiratory control center?

A

Located in the medulla, involved in the minute-to-minute control of breathing.

69
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

receptor that responds to chemical changes.

70
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A

located in medulla, separate from respiratory control center. Responds to changes within CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), esp. In H+ concentration.

71
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A

located in carotid and aorta. Collectively guard against alterations to hypoxia and hypercapnia.

72
Q

What role does the blood play in the regulation of ventilation?

A

At rest, the blood’s chemical state exerts the greatest control on pulmonary ventilation.

73
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors that provide the organism w/ info about such mechanical changes in the environment as movement, tension, and pressure.

74
Q

How does the onset and end of exercise alter ventilation (what is happening in the “three phases”?)

A
  1. at start or slightly before exercise, abrupt increase in pulmonary ventilation due to motor cortical activity feedback on respiratory centers as well as feedback from proprioceptors in active muscles.
  2. 20 second plateau, then exponential increase to reach steady-state-level due to previous factors as well as peripheral chemoreceptors.
  3. fine tuning of ventilation due to inputs from central and peripheral chemoreceptors to match demands of exercise. Temperature may also impact this.
75
Q

Ventilatory Threshold

A

workload at which there is an increase in VE/VO2 and no change in VE/VCO2; used to estimate lactate threshold.

76
Q

-What is OBLA?

A

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation

77
Q

Be familiar with detrimental health effects of smoking.

A

Lower dynamic lung function that can manifest into COPD

obstructs airways and slows normal lung development

greater deficits in girls than boys (in adolescents),

children will have a higher rate of asthma and wheezing and reduced dynamic lung function.

78
Q

regulation of ventilation controlled/mediated by:

A

Respiratory control center​

Central chemoreceptors​

Peripheral chemoreceptors​

Pulmonary mechanoreceptors

79
Q

respiratory control center - two main nuclei:

A

Dorsal respiratory group​

Ventral respiratory group

80
Q

near maximal exercise & pulmonary ventilation

A

If exercise exceeds 50-60% of peak oxygen consumption, Phases 1-3 have already been surpassed.​

Body’s increase in pulmonary ventilation at this point becomes disproportionate to the exercise intensity​

This is due to increased acidity/decreased pH (e.g. increased H+ concentrations) above lactate threshold​

Stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors and increases pulmonary ventilation​

Allows body to exhale excess CO2, thereby decreasing acidity; thus increase in ventilation is not to obtain more oxygen, but to expel CO2​

Increase in ventilation may also be due to increases in norepinephrine (fight-or-flight), increased potassium, increased body temperature

81
Q

ventilatory equivalents

A

Amount of air ventilated needed to obtain 1 L of oxygen or expire 1 L of carbon dioxide​

82
Q

Ventilatory equivalent of oxygen

A

ratio of pulmonary ventilation (VE) to oxygen (VO2): VE/VO2​

83
Q

Ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide

A

ratio of pulmonary ventilation (VE) to carbon dioxide (VCO2): VE/VCO2

84
Q

ventilation limits

A

Increases in ventilation frequency also increases the respiratory muscles and the diaphragm itself for oxygen (shown by increased a-v O2 difference in venous blood from respiratory muscles)​

Diaphragm is oxidative and fatigue resistant, but can fatigue in obstructive lung disease or at high exercise intensities ​

Diaphragm force output decreases at exercise above 80-85% of VO2peak to exhaustion. Other muscles can compensate and diaphragm likely still meets demands.​

Oxidative capacity of respiratory muscles increase with endurance training or COPD, glycolytic does not​

Diaphragm can also hypertrophy in response to heavy physical labor and weight lifting

Exercise Physiology (5 decks)

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