Exam 4 Flashcards
what must happen for an aircraft to eb airworthy
conform to the TCDS
condition for safe operation
who makes the data plate
manufacturer
what is the fastest point along a rotor system
the tip of the advancing blade
what does CFR stand for
code of federal regulations
Mcrit
critical mach number
any part of your aircraft has an area that is faster than the speed of sound
best airfoil for transonic flight
super critical
what do leading edge devices do
change the camber
lowers the AOA
in the construction of aircraft structures, we do not use pure elemental aluminum. What do we use instead and why
aluminum alloy and it is stronger
2024
copper
we know because it starts with a 2
an aircraft lien is
a piece of paper claim filed by someone allowing the aircraft to be taken from the owner and sold at auction if the owner does not pay his or her bills
The FAA regulations are called
CFR’s
which of the following does not recieve a type certificate
anything but aircraft, engine, propeller
true or false brazing uses higher temperatures than soldering and is appropriate for copper, bronze, and other non-ferrous metals
true
true or false when possible, torque is applied to the bolt head, rather than the nut
False
true or false the data plate is produced by the FAA and must be located in the aircraft maintenance records
False
true or false The FAA document that records the type-certificate of a product is the material safety data sheet (MSDS or SDS)
False, it is the SDS
the image of the helicopter shown below depicts a helicopter in forward flight. At which of the points on the image would you find the highest airspeed
6
the tip of the advancing blade
which document proves ownership of an aircraft
bill of sale
what is required to be able to fly a damaged aircraft to place where it can be repaired
special flight permit
which of the following is the acronym of the european unions aviation regulation
EASA
type certificates are issued for which of the following design
aircraft
engines
propellers
what is the prupose of the TSDS and what information is provided on them
all airworthiness information
type of fuel
stall speed
vso
CG limits
where is flight test data found
POH
which document must be visibly displayed near the entrance to make the aircraft legal for flight
airworthiness certificate
what is special about the ATA code 100
it standardizes the chapters in all transport category maintenance manuals
which of the following would be correct format for an ATA code 100 number
27-20-00
True or False A TCDS is an FAA approved document
True
during riveting we talked about using clecos, briefly describe what they are used for
they hold the two pieces of aluminum together
know the steps to riveting
drill a hole
deburr
you either countersink or normal
countersink rivet use a dimpler where the tool is on top and bar underneath
normal- you just don’t use the dimpler
who issues an AD and are they mandatory
Airworthiness Directives - FAA - mandatory
who issues an Advisory Circular and are they mandatory
FAA- not Mandatory
who issues an Service Bulletin and are they mandatory
Manufacturer’s - Not Mandatory
who issues an Service Letter and are they mandatory
Manufacturer’s - Not Mandatory
who issues an Maintenance Manuals and are they mandatory
FAA - Mandatory
who issues an Minimum equipment List and are they mandatory
Manufacturer - Mandatory
who issues an Operations Specifications and are they mandatory
Airlines- Mandatory
who is required to make sure the aircraft is on the proper inspection program
the owner or operator
who may file liens against an aircraft
mechanics and banks (money lenders)
How do you know if your aircraft has a lien filed against it
the prospective buyer must ask the FAA to check for liens
looking at the image of a bolt shown here, what is the purpose of the feature called out with the red arrows
safety wire and cotter pins
which document is considered to be a piece of the aircraft
POH
When do any of the certificates under part 65 expire
never
you have ____ days in order to notify the FAA in the event of a permanent change of address, or change of name
30 days
true or false the owner of the aircraft and the operator are the same
false
Advisory Circular (AC) AC43.13-B lists FAA approved methods and techniques for repair when manufacturers structural repair manuals (SRM) are not available and (the AC) can be used interchangeable with the SRM
False
what is the main difference between TIG and MIG welding
TIG- used on common metals
MIG- is a continuous spool of wire. kind of like a hot glue gun
if you wish the helicopter to move to the right, the highest blade angle occurs where
12:00
90 degrees after
In the United States, aviation is governed by ____ CFR
14
what does CFR stand for
code of federal regulations
who is responsible to keep the maintenance records
owner and operator
what is ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
what is the atmosphere made up of
78%- nitrogen
21%- oxygen
1%- other
what does temperature do to flying
air is less dense when it is hot making flying “harder”
What does humidity do to flying
less humid air is denser making it easier to fly in
what does altitude do to flying
the lower the altitude the denser making it easier to fly in
What is a standard day
sea level
no humidity
15 degree C
what are the four forces of flight
lift
drag
weight
thrust
Bernoulli’s Principle
the pressure under the wing is greater than on top of the wing
the velocity on top of the wing is much faster than on the bottom of the wing
accounts for 90% of lift
Newton’s 3rd law
every reaction has an opposite and equal reaction
Coanda Effect
a moving stream of fluid in contact with a curved surface will tend to follow the curvature of the surface rather than continue traveling in a straight line
center of pressure
greatest pressure different from the bottom and top of the wing
always behind the CG
Center of gravity
where gravity is felt most on the wing
Change in camber/lift
increase AOA will increase camber and lift
dihedral
angle of wing from plane to wing tip
goes upward
Anhedral
angle of wing from plane to wing tip
goes downward
Mean Camber line
refers to any imaginary line, created mathematically, when you subtract the distance from the chord line to the lower camber from the distance from the chord line fo the upper camber
what are the two types of drag
parasitic- air hitting the surface of something will cause drag
induced- newtons third law
3 types of parasitic drag
form- 2 or more airfoils meeting will cause drag
induced- air hitting a 90 degree or more angle will cause drag
skin friction- anything causing an unsmooth surface will cause drag
induced drag will make
wingtip vortices
square wingtips produce more than rounded wingtips
Stalls- why does it happen
the critical angle of attack has been exceeded
what is an airfoil
a shaped surface that produces lift and drag when moved through the air
why were early airfoil designs ditched
they were deeply cambered which caused issues
Clark Y airfoil- had a flat lower surface that is not optimal for aerodynamics
why are transonic airfoils in a unique design
they need a very little trailing and leading edge and a wider middle
Ground effect
when an aircraft flies less than one-half its wingspan above the ground - increases AOA without increasing drag
Boundary Layer
the airflow nearest to the airfoil - turbulence here - increases drag and usually leads to airflow seperation if turbulent enough (stall) - higher AOA = more turbulent
wing fences
on leading and top of wing - obstructs span wise airflow - prevents entire wing from stalling at once
Vortex Generators
found on upper beginning camber - they pull high energy air down to the surface preventing airflow seperation
Elliptical wing
best for wingtip vortices but horrible in stalls - most efficient subsonic - whole wing stalls at once - expensive and complicated to make and fix
Rectangular wing
great for stalls
stall from root to tip
easy to control
cheap to produce and fix
Tapered Wings
much more lift
bad stalls characteristics
stalls tip to root
more expensive to produce and fix
sweepback wing planform
efficient at high speeds
can dutch roll
need yaw dampner for dutch roll
can fly closer to speed of sound
very unproductive at slow speeds
Measurement Station Datum
nose to tail
can be anywhere
is designated by designer
(CG)
Wing Stations
distance in inches from the centerline to wingtips
left or right from pilots perspective
Butt Line
vertical distance in inches from centerlines of the fuselage
all distances up are positive and all distances down are negative
Winglets
Located at the end of the wing
a vertical wing for the wing tips
purpose is to reduce drag
Conventional Landing gear
tail wheel
light aircraft
hard to land
strong
poor taxi visibility
hard to land
Tricycle landing Gear
has a nose wheel and then main landing gear
nose wheel easily broken
adds weight
adds drag
easy to land
good visibility while taxiing
Control surface
a movable airfoil
any surface used to control the aircraft in flight
Primary Flight Controls
elevator
rudder
ailerons
Secondary flight controls
modify the effects of the primary flight controls or air flows
Primary Controls
Aileron- roll- longitudinal axis- lateral stability
Elevator- pitch- lateral axis- longitudinal stability
Rudder- yaw- vertical axis- directional stability
Ailerons- how they work
one up vs down
move in opposite direction of each other
connected by cables
aileron on the side you are turning up
Slipping turn
slipping sideways towards the turn opposite way you want to go - need to add rudder
skidding turn
skidding sideways from the turn too much in the way you want to go - need to take out some rudder
adverse yaw
the aircraft may roll one way directionally but turn the opposite
we fix this with differential ailerons
differential ailerons
the up aileron goes up more than the down aileron so there is no differential ailerons
two major types of engines
reciprocating and turbo powered
which are heat engines
reciprocating and turbo powered
potential and kinetic energy
potential energy (energy stored) converts to kinetic energy (energy in motion) to make things happen
positive G’s
acting in the same direction of weight
you will feel very heavy
Negative G’s
acting in the opposite direction of weight
you will feel very light
Static stability
what happens right after the aircraft is disrupted
dynamic stability
what happens over time after the aircraft is disrupted
Dihedral
the wings are angled up from root to tip
contributes to the stability in the roll axis and to the restoring of wings level
Anhedral
the opposite of dihedral, angled down from root to tip. Helps with roll stability. Mainly used with low CG
sweptback wings
increase yaw stability
produces less lift but also less drag
what makes negative lift
the tail
what is the best flap
slotted fowler
what do leading edge devices do
help by increasing the AOA
effective aspect ratio
gives the wings characteristics of a higher aspect ratio
what makes a higher aspect ratio
longer wing with thinner width
High wing configuration
better lift/drag ratio
shorter landing distance
low Wing
easier to build
stronger landing gear
better roll manueverability
shorter take off distance
Ground effect
more prominent on low wing because the closer to the ground the more pronounced
Tee Tail
a high tee tail allows the flow of air over the rudder at high AOA
keeps horizontal stabilizer out of the main wing downwash
Vee Tail
they are typically lighter and have a less wetted surface
hugely reduces drag
tail is called ruddervators
for horizontal stabilizers what does the fuselage tend to block
the airflow to a normal single vertical stabilizer and rudder
Interplane interference
airfoils flying in proximity reduce the differential in pressures in between the wings
the gap is
the distance between the shord of the top wing and the chord of the bottom wing - needs to be one chord length to be effective
Decalage
when one of the wings is set to a higher angle of incidence than the other wing
Tandem Wing
both wings produce lift normaly to ‘tail’
Canard wing
a 2nd wing that should not carry more than 25% of the total lift, more lift efficient, no tail pulling down all the time so no extra weight
Flying wing
drag is reduced
stability is hard
split rudders are outer
elevons are inner
2 of each
why is bernoulli’s principal no longer valid
because his principal takes into account that air is not compressable. when in supersonic speeds we need to undertand that it is.
