Exam 3 Flashcards
Tandem Rotor Helicopters
aircraft with two main rotors and no tail rotor
on Tandem Rotor Helicopters the tandem rotors spin in the ______ direction
opposite
Tandem rotor eliminate the need for _____ and counteracts _______
a tail rotor
torque
on a tandem rotor the collective, cyclic, and anti-torque work the _____ as far as the pilot is concerned
same
Tandem Rotor collective stick
when using the collective all blades move up on both rotors. They all work together
Tandem Rotor cyclic stick
when using the cyclic stick the rotors also move together. the rotor disks will move together
Tandem Rotor yawing the helicopter
the pilot hits the foot pedals and the aircraft was. this happens by the rotors tilting in opposite directions. front disk and rotor will tilt in the direction that you want to turn.
Feathering
increasing and decreasing the pitch in the rotor blades
does the tip or the root of the rotor blade go faster
the tip.
three problems that come with flying helicopters
dissymmetry of lift and gyroscopic recession
coriolis effect
lead-lag movement caused massive vibration
dissymmetry of lift and gyroscopic precession fix
install flapping hinges
Coriolis effect fix
lead-lag hinges
lead-lag movement caused massive vibration fix
install lead-lag dampners
if you have flapping hinges and lead-lag hinges is called a
fully articulated rotor head
Flapping hinges
because the amount of lift was not the same on each side of the helicopter due to relative wind the rotors were allowed to move up and down and therefore could change how much lift is produced where.
Lead Lag hinges
allows the blade to move back and forth
Lead Lag dampners
the horizontal movement of rotor blades
Semi-Rigid Rotor
helicopter has lead-lag but no flapping hinge
works like a seesaw
Semi-Rigid Rotor limits the number of blades to
2, which limits the wing area of the aircraft
Rigid Rotors
no flapping and lead-lag but instead have flexible attach points
gyroscopic precession in helicopters
any force put into a spinning object takes effect 90 degrees later
Aluminum Alloys
commonly used all around the aircraft.
other elements added to pure aluminum
other elements make up 15%
AlClad Aluminum
cladding an aluminum alloy core with surface layers of pure aluminum
Grain in Sheetmetal
metal’s strength is related to its grain size
grains align themselves to the rolling process to become a sheet
Composite Materials
metal made with two or more materials
most non-critical structural material and aesthetic interiors are used with weak comosite
Material Safety and SDS
a requirement via OSHA for workplaces
documents for a chemical product
AC 43.13 1B
when there are no manufacturer repair or maintenance instructions only when they are not provided by the manufacturer
Sheetmetal
aluminum alloys and composites makeup
parts are joined with rivets or fasteners
the reliability of an aircraft depends on
quality of design
nuts, bolts, screws, and washers are different for aircraft. they are
rivets
safety wire
cotter pins
what is the wrench that we use
torque wrenches
specifications to which aircraft hardware adheres to including
National Aerospace Standard (NAS)
Army-Navy (AN)
Military standard (MS)
Solid shank rivets
preferred construction method for metal because they fill up the hole
good load transfer
yield strength is also known as
working load limit
yield strength
amount of stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation
tensile strength
maximum amount of axial stress that a material can take before breaking
information in the AC is
acceptable data
not approved data
Rivet Selection overall
size and type of rivet is determined by the loads imposed on the structure, the applications the parts will be in and the alloy of the material to be joined
who determines the rivet selection
determined by the manufacturer
will be found in the structural repair manual
drill bits are sized by
fractions, numbers and letters
we use numbered bits for installing rivets
we use ________ to size the drill bits
drill gages
Drill bits are sized by
fractions
numbers and letters
larger bits = smaller numbers
drill bits are selected based on the
rivet shank diameter
when drilling a hole it is drilled with the
hand drill held perpendicular to the work
apply medium pressure to prevent works
what is used to aid in drilling the hole in the work accurately
center punch
after the hole is drilled, the materail must be
deburred on both sides
countersinking
come in different angles
always use a simpler on sheet metal
do not countersink thin sheetmetal
de-burring
to remove the rough edges of a hole or sheet after it has been drilled out
use a larger drill bit or a de-burring tool to remove the rough material
removes stress risers that cause incorrect riveting and stress cracking
clecos are used to
hold sheet metal together in preperation for fasteners
different colors denote size of cleco
Riveting tools
different types of riveting sets and bucking bars for different applications
common types of rivit=eting tools
hand squeezers
pneumatic air gun
bucking bar
pneumatic squeezers
solid rivets
oldest/ most reliable
used anywhere on aircraft
consists of straight body and different heads (countersunk heads-flat and universal head are most popular)
made in aluminum alloys and specialty metals
solid rivet installation
by driving (squeezing) the body with pneumatic or hand tools
Bolts
threaded fastneers used to assemble components, structures and assemblies
threaded body and heads that get tightened with the tool specifically designed for them
bolts are often used in aircraft that are made with
stainless steel or cadmium plated
Bolts and threading
some bolts are threaded the entire length of the shank while others are partially threaded and have a grip
the grip should be equal to the 2 pieces of metal being held together
bolts are always _______ to a specific value
torqued (tightened)
bolts are identified by
marks on the head of the bolt
marks denote alloy type, strength, and applicaiton
bolt length is measured form the
bottom of the head to the end of the shank
bolts are sized in
general sizes, not specifics
grip length is the ____ portion of the bolt
un-threaded
threads are measured using a
TPI gage
Nuts
used to secure bolts and screws in assemblies
made for shear and tension applications
different types of nuts
high temp and low temp
steel and nylon lock types
cap nuts
wing nuts
castle nuts
Aircraft Washers
spread the load of a fastener
protects metal from galling
used under the heads and nuts of bolts
sized by inside diameter and thickness
cannot be interchanged
many different types of washers
flat
lock
rubber
crush
Screws
typically used a screwdriver to tighten and loosen
diameter sized by numbers
length measured from under the head to the end of the threads
different types of screw drivers
Phillips
slotted
Torx
triwing
Torque
a measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to rotate
technician utilizes a torque wrench to apply the torque
what are the 3 types of torque wrenches
click type
dial type
beam type
bolts and fasteners are ______ according to size
torqued
you will find toque values in
torque charts
(must know the correct size of the fastener and correct threads)
torque is applied to the nut when
possible
when torque is applied to a bolt,
friction torque must be considered
torque can be applied ___ or ___ but you must know before starting
wet
dry
Safety Wire
in stainless steel and brass
can be twisted by hand, with duckbill pliers or most often with safety wire pliers
what are safety wires used on
nuts
bolts
oil filters
cannon plugs
anything that must not loosen during normal operations
Cotter pins
used to secure bolts, screw, nuts and pins
made of cadmium plated carbon steel
sometimes made of stainless-steel
Hi-Lok fasteners
simple two-part, structural fastener designed to achieve consistent torque on each fastener
breakoff in collar provides uniform preload torque values by breaking when the correct torque level is reached
improves the fatigue life of the airfram significantly when compared to other fasteneing systems
different kinds of Hi-Lok fasteners
shear and tension
protruding and flush moun
Blind fasteners
the original solid fastener was removed
blind- only need access to one side of the fastener
Welding
the process that joins metals by melting the work pieces until they are united together
welding processes evolved to use lighter metals like
aluminum
magnesium
titanium
4 types of welding
gas or oxy/ act welding
TIG welding
MIG welding
electric arc welding
Gas Welding
done by heating the ends or edges of metal parts to a molten state with high temp flame
5700-6300 F
done off of aircraft
Gas Welding fusion process
heat is suppled by burning a mixture of oxygen and gas such as acetylene
Gas Metal Arc Welding (MIG)
uses speel of wire as filler material for welding steel
uses a feed wire that constantly moves through the gun to create the spark, then melts to form the weld
shielding gas dispersed by gun shields weld from air to prevent oxidation
Gas metal arc welding materials (MIG)
argon
helium
carbon dioxide
Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG)
weld produced by an electric arc
gas shileds the electrode to prevent contamination
electrode doesn’t touch the work
foot pedal starts the arc and the gas
uses long rods to fuse two metals directly together
TIG welding welds ____ materials
aluminum
copper
stainless
magnesium
titanium
Brazing
uses higher temps than soldering
over 842F
The filler metal is deposited in the joint other than capillary attraction
brazing is useful for joining
copper
bronze
nickel
nonferrous metals
all to stainless steel
Soldering
temps between 600-700F
relatively weak
must have flux
three types of solder
lead alloy-tin/ lead-60/40
lead free- for soldering water pipes in homes
silver solder stronger than lead alloy-using in high pressure situations
International Air transport association
supports aviation with global standards for airline safety, security, efficiency and sustainability
international civil aviation organization
achieve the sustainable growth of the global civil aviation system
air commerce act
aeronautics branch in the department of commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight
what was the department of commerce renamed
the aeronautics brand the bureau of air commerce
what was the first act of the bureau of air commerce
encourage a group of airlines to establish the first air traffic control centers to provide en-route air traffic control
when is an aircraft issued a type certificate
when the design of an aircraft meets the FAA’s standards
must the manufacturer of the aircraft, engine, or propeller display the type certificate for view ot the public at the manufacturer’s facility
yes the type certificate must always be displayed
type certificate data sheet
TCDS
faa document that records the type certification data of a product
what is the purpose of a type certificate data sheet
configuration control
what has TCDS
aircraft
engines
propellors
all TCDS must be _____ or if not they must be ________
recorded
explained why
The TCDS must be submit it and then the FAA must agree for it to be
approved data
what happens if we want to change the design of an aircraft, engine, or propeller
may apply for a supplimental type certificate or stc to modify the design
the FAA will look at it and decide if you can change it
after it is approved anyone can use that STC
what are the two standard airworthiness classifications
standard- certificates issued for aircraft type certificated in the following categories
special
what are some standard airworthiness certificates
normal
utility
acrobatic
commuter
transport category
manned free balloons
what are some special airworthiness certificates
primary
restricted
limited
light-sport
provisional airworthiness certificates
special flight permits
experimental certificates
Airworthiness certificate
must be displayed at all times so it is visible to passengers or crew
issued by the FAA when aircraft is built
good for the life of the aircraft as long as it is maintained
Special Airworthiness Certificate
The FAA special airworthiness certificate is an FAA authorization to operate an aircraft in the US airspace in one or more of the following categories
primary airworhtiness certificate
in un-powered or powered by a single, naturally aspirated engine
restricted airworthiness certificate
a surplus aircraft of the armed forces or aircraft previously type certificated in another category then modified
limited airworthiness certificate
to operate surplus military aircraft that have been converted to civilian
light sport airworthiness certificate
an aircraft that: has not been previously issued an airworthiness certificate, is in a condition for safe operation, was built and tested to teh applicable consensus standards by the aircraft’s manufacturer
Provisional airworthiness certificate
a provisional category special airworthiness certificate is issued to conduct special purpose operations
Experimental airworthiness certificate
an aircraft that does not have a type certificate, is in a condition for safe operation, was assembled without the supervision and quality control of the manufacturer
Technical standard order
first way parts are certified
faa approval of the design and manufacture of commonly interchangeable parts on an aircraft
parts manufacturer approval
faa approcal of the manufacture only of non-commonly interchangeable parts on an aircraft
certification of parts and products
Technical standard order
parts manufacture approval
special flight permits
ferry permits
to get the aircraft to a repair or inspection station if damaged our out of inspection timeframe
what do you need to do to get a special flight permit
tell the FAA in writing
purpose of flight
proposed itinerary- exact route and times
crew required
how the aircraft does not meet airworthiness standards
any restriction the applicant considers necessary for safe flight
any other info necessary for the administrator to know for the purpose of granting the special permit
if we need to modify an individual aircraft, teh FAA must approve a
From 337 major alteration or repair form
what is a form 337 major alteration or repair form
a request for engineering approval for the modification to an individual aircraft
FAA engineers will look it over and decide
there will be 2 copies, owners and FAA’s
documents produced by or approved by the FAA
AD’s
advisory circulars
service bulletins
service letters
ATA codes
maintenance manuals
minimum equipment lists
operation specifications
Airworthiness Directives
issued by the FAA and must be complied with
owner or operator is responsible for knowing and complying with airworthiness directives
For AD what does a notice for proposed rule making
allows the public 60 days to comment after publication of intent by the FAA int eh federal register
after 60-days considering the publics comments the AD will be adopted, revised, or rejected
AD immediatly adopted rule
30 day comment period after publication of intent by the FAA and let’s the public prepare for the change
AD emergency airworthiness directive
immediately adopted and private owners notified via USPS and airlines via direct
Advisory Circular
to provide guidance on how to conform to specific regulations
produced by FAA and compliance is voluntary
the number on the AC corresponds to teh 14 CFR regulation it is designed to help you comply with
can be found online through FAA
service bulletin
issued by aircraft and comonent manufactures to inform the owners about potential problems with the aircraft
not required
mandatory service bulletin
manufacturer insurance companies or the faa wnat to try to force the aircraft owner to comply
how does a mandatory service bulletin happen
any authorized repair/ service center must perform MSB
many insurance companies require that all MSB be performed when aircraft are being flown for hire
for airlines, compliance with MSB is required by the airline OP SPEC
The FAA may refer to a MSB in an AD which are required
Service Letter
sent by manufacturers as means of providing non-critical information or for clarifying maintenance manuals or pilot handbooks
compliance with service letters and bulletins
compliance is not required
however ignoring the bulletins ignores warning of things that may fail
manufacturer’s manuals
maintenance manuals are written by the manufacturer and approved by the FAA
compliance is required
manufacturer’s manuals that are approved
aircraft maintenance manual (AMM)
overhaul manual
structural repair manual (SRM)
wiring diagrams
manufacturer’s manual that are not approved
illustrated parts catalog
tool and equipment catalog
what data supersedes any other source of information except airworthiness directives
Manufacturer’s data
maintenance manuals for aircraft, engines, propellers, appliances, and other compnents are _____ for what may be done to an aircraft
the ultimate authority
the approved _____ or ___________ is an approved document
flight manual- also a piece of aircraft equipment
pilot operation handbook
operational specification
commercial arilines create their own OP SPEC
OP CPES contains rules for operation and maintenance where not specifically covered by Federal regulations
they must follow these rules
MEL
the master minimum equipment list is developed by the aircraft manufacturer and approved by the FAA
tells what equipment or systems must be onboard the aircraft and functional
ATA
air transport association
standardizes the order of maintenance manuals
that way everything is in the same order everywhere
aircraft registration
does not prove ownership
purpose is to match up the aircraft serial numbner, with teh aircraft tail number, with the legal owner
lets FAA find you if they need to send you an AD or manufacturer in case they need to send you a service letters
Registration is good forever unless
suspended or revoked by the FAA
the registration is cancelled at the request of the owner to the FAA
the aircraft is destroyed or scrapped
the owner loses US citizenship
the owner has been dead for 30 days
the aircraft is shipped outside the US to a foreign country
the aircraft is sold to a new owner
Data plate
contains the serial number of the aircraft
considered to theoretically be the aircraft
if an airplane is scrapped unless the data plate is scrapped the aircraft theoretically still exists
maintenance records
each owner is required to keep all maintenance records in the planes logbook
