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AT 106 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The atmoshphere is made of _% Nitrogen, _% oxygen, and _% other.

A

78, 21, 1

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2
Q

The higher the temperature, the ____ the molecules are moving

A

faster

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3
Q

affects the density of the air because when air is heated it expands

A

Temperature

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4
Q

Air is ____ _____ when it is hot. Air is ______ when it is cold

A

less dense, denser

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5
Q

affects the density of the air because water vapor is less dense than air

A

Humidity

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6
Q

Air is ____ dense when there is high humidity

A

less

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7
Q

Air is ______ when there is low humidity

A

denser

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8
Q

affects the density of the air because there are fewer air molecules the further up you go

A

Altitude

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9
Q

Air is _____ dense on hot, humid days, and at high altitude

A

least

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10
Q

air is _____ dense on cool, dry days, near sea level.

A

most

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11
Q

____ and ___ fall at a constant rate.

A

air temperature and pressure

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12
Q

four forces on an airplane

A

lift, drag, thrust, weight

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13
Q

CG

A

center of gravity

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14
Q

what is weight

A

weight is a force caused by the gravitational attraction of the earth

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15
Q

what is lift

A

lift is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid

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16
Q

Newton’s 3rd lay applies

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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17
Q

what is drag

A

drag is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid

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18
Q

what is thrust

A

thrust is a mechanical force generated by the engines to move the aircraft through the air

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19
Q

aerodynamics

A

the study of air in motion
a branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids

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20
Q

airfoil

A

a structure with curved surfaces that results in lift being formed

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21
Q

air flows ___ over the top of the wing

A

faster

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22
Q

The Bernoulli Effect accounts for approximately ___% of the lift of the wing

A

90

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23
Q

Newton’s 3rd lay of motion accounts for ___% of the lift.

A

10

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24
Q

bigger difference in pressure means…

A

more lift that is created

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25
Q

a moving stream of fluid in contact with a curved surface will tend to follow the curvature of the surface rather than continue traveling in a straight line

A

coanda effect

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26
Q

How can we increase the camber shape of an airflow

A

by increasing the angle that the wing meets the air

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27
Q

the more cambered the airflow

A

the greater the lift

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28
Q

Center of pressure

A

a mathematical point, reflecting the lowest air pressure on the top of the wing, on the greatest pressure differential between the top and the bottom of the wing

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29
Q

airfoil

A

anything used to create a useful reaction from the air (lift) (thrust)

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30
Q

leading edge

A

the front part of the airfoil

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31
Q

trailing edge

A

the rear fo the airfoil

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32
Q

chord line

A

a line that extends from the leading edge directly to the trailing edge

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33
Q

camber

A

refers to the curvature of the wing, or the curvature of the air over, or under, the wing

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34
Q

span

A

the lengthwise of the wing

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35
Q

chord

A

he width of the wing

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36
Q

aspect ratio

A

span/chord

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37
Q

dihedral angle

A

angle of wing from plane to wingtip- purpose is stability

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38
Q

angle of attack

A

angle of wing to the oncoming air

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39
Q

angle of incidence

A

angle of elevators to oncoming wind

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40
Q

mean camber line

A

refers to an imaginary line, created mathematically, when you subtract the distance from the chord line to the lower camber from the distance from the chord line to the upper camber

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41
Q

mean aerodynamic chord

A

the distance between the leading and trailing edge of the wing, measured parallel to the normal airflow over the wing

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42
Q

LIFT=

A

Cl 1/2 V^2 Sp

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43
Q

what does each part of the lift equation stand for

L=Cl (1/2) V^2 Sp

A

Cl= AOA to graph
V= velocity of the air in feet per second
S= surface area of the wing in square feet
P= reek letter RHO= density of the air in slugs/ft^3

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44
Q

parasite drag

A

the drag produced by air flowing over surfaces not involved in producing lift

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45
Q

induced drag

A

the part of the drag of an airfoil caused by the lift, that is, the change in the direction of the airflow

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46
Q

profile drag

A

parasite drag of the airfoil

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47
Q

what are the 3 types of parasite drag

A

pressure drag
skin friction drag
interference drag

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48
Q

the drag resulting from air impining upon something

A

pressure drag

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49
Q

the drag resulting from the friction of the air sliding across a surface or the adhesion of the air trying to stick to a surface of a wing or aircraft

A

skin friction drag

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50
Q

the drag resulting from the turbulence where surfaces meet at 90 degree angles or less

A

Interference drag

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51
Q

pressure drag solution

A

make frontal area smaller and add boat tail

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52
Q

skin friction drag solution

A

make wing or aircraft shorter, make the surface smoother

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53
Q

interference drag solution

A

add fillets and fairings to cover gaps and eliminate acute angles

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54
Q

what is a result of induced drag

A

wing vortex

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55
Q

wingtip vortex

A

high pressure air from below the wing trying to reach the low pressure air above the wing

56
Q

a combination of the effects of the wake tip vortices and tilted lift vector result in induced ___

A

drag

57
Q

things that make induced drag worse

A

a high AOA

flying at a high altitude

flying slow

flying with a heavy aircraft

wing design

58
Q

induced drag solutions

A

high aspect ratio wings

rounded wing design

winglets

59
Q

when does a stall occur

A

when the angle of attack exceeds the value at which the maximum lift is created

it can happen at any speed

60
Q

what is the drag calculation

A

Drag= Cd 1/2 V^2 Sp

61
Q

what does each part of the drag equation stand for

D= Cd 1/2 V^2 Sp

A

Cd= compute AOA with the graph

V= velocity of the air in feet per second

S= surface are of the wing in square feet

P = density of the air in slugs/ft^3

solution will be in LBS

62
Q

PP1
what is the drag on the wing of an aircraft if
the aircraft speed is 180mph
the aircraft is flying at 3000 feet
the wing surface area is 200 square feet
the aircraft is flying at an AOA of 12 degrees

A

1061.61

63
Q

PP2
Cd=0,02
altitude=28000ft
p=0.000957
speed= 202mph = 296.26734 feet/second
wing area 590 square feet

A

495.60

64
Q

PP3
Cd=0.06
altitude- 15000 ft=p=0.001496
speed=240 knots= 405.0744 feet/second
wing area 135 square feet

A

994.14

65
Q

PP4
Cd=0.13
altitude=8000ft=p=0.001869
speed =150 knots=253.1715 feet/second
wing area 100 square feet

A

778.67

66
Q

what is ground effect

A

when an aircraft flies less than one-half its wingspan above the ground the air is forced down and deflected which effectively increases the AOA without increasing drag

67
Q

what it boundary layer

A

the airflow next to the airfoil

68
Q

what does a turbulent boundary layer do

A

ncrease drag

69
Q

what do wing fences do

A

prevent entire wing from stalling at once
obstruct span wise airflow

70
Q

what do vortex generators do

A

they pull high energy air down to the surface preventing airflow separation (stall)

71
Q

what is planform

A

shape of the wing as viewed from above

72
Q

is there a best wing shape for flight

A

no

73
Q

what is aspect ratio

A

span/width

74
Q

greater aspect ratio means

A

less induced drag

75
Q

Rectangular wing stall characteristics and price

A

roots stall first
gives advance stall warning
cheap and easy to produce and repair

76
Q

moderate taper wing stall characteristics and aerodynamic contributions

A

whole wing tends to stall at once (many planes have change in camber to counteract)
more lift
less drag
less weight

77
Q

High taper wing aerodynamic charactersticks and stall

A

much more lift
much less drag and weight
tends to stall from wingtips first

78
Q

pointed wing tip stall characteristics

A

stalls from wing tip first

79
Q

sweptback wing pros

A

efficient at high speeds
delays shock waves- can fly closer to speed of sound

80
Q

sweptback wing cons

A

can get dutch roll
need a yaw dampener to prevent dutch roll
stall from wingtips first
unfavorable at slow speeds

81
Q

elliptical wing stall and earodynamic characteristics

A

little warning of stall
entire wing will stall at the same time
most efficient subsonic wing
much less induced drag

82
Q

fuselage

A

the body of an aircraft

83
Q

empanage

A

the whole tail assembly

84
Q

nacelle

A

powerplant - engine and mounting location

85
Q

wings

A

provides the majority of the lift an airplane requires for flight

86
Q

landing gear

A

struts- absorb th eimpact of the landing

87
Q

formers

A

placed in a fuselage to give the fuselage skin its shape and rigidity

88
Q

stringers

A

metal or wood braces placed between wing ribs, or bulkheads in fuselage, to give stiffening strength to the wing skin or structure

89
Q

longeron

A

a principle fore and aft structural framing member of a fuselage that typically crosses several points

90
Q

bulkeads

A

a vertical wall within the fuselage

91
Q

firewall

A

a special bulkhead that goes between the engine and the fuselage or wing

92
Q

starboard

A

right side

93
Q

port

A

left side

94
Q

forward

A

the front of the aircraft

95
Q

aft

A

the back of the aircraft

96
Q

fuselage stations

A

nose to tail

97
Q

datum

A

where all measurements start

is wherever the manufacturer decides it is

98
Q

wing station

A

distance in inches from ceterline of the fuselage to the wing tips

99
Q

waterline stations

A

verticle distance in inches from centerline fo the fuselage
distances up are positive
distances down are negative

100
Q

vertical fin

A

vertical surface sticking up above the fuselage at the tail

101
Q

vertical stabilizer

A

vertical surface sticking up above the fuselage at the tail

102
Q

dorsal fin

A

extension of the verticle stabilizer running forward from the vertical stabilizer

103
Q

ventral fin

A

vertical stabilizer on the bottom of the aircraft

104
Q

lift struts

A

transmit lift loads from the wings to the fuselage

105
Q

wign ribs

A

the chordwise structural member in a wing that gives the wing its shape

106
Q

wing spar

A

a structural beam that transmits lift and load and loading loads to and from the fuselage

107
Q

main landing gear

A

the wheels that suppost most of the weight of the aircraft

108
Q

auxiliary landing gear

A

stabilize the aircraft and support less weight

109
Q

control surface

A

a movable airfoil, or any surface used to control the aircraft in flight

110
Q

primary flight controls

A

elevator, rudder, ailerons

111
Q

secondary flight controls

A

modify the effects of the primary flight controls or air flows

112
Q

aileron

A

roll
longitudinal rotation about the longitudinal axis
lateral stability

113
Q

elevator

A

pitch
rotation about the lateral axis
longitudinal stability

114
Q

rudder

A

yaw
rotation about the vertical axis
directional stability

115
Q

adverse yaw

A

the aircraft may roll one way but directionally turn the opposite

the adverse yaw is due to an imbalance of drag at the wing tips between he left and right wing

116
Q

how to fix adverse yaw

A

we make the parasite drag on the one side great enough to offset the induced drag on the other side

we raise the up aileron more so it catches more air than the down aileron. This is called differential ailerons

117
Q

hat makes flight controls perform better

A

distance from CG
amount fo deflection
size of control surface
velocity of the air over the surface

118
Q

slats

A

high lift device typically found on jets
like flaps but on leading edge
assist in changing camber/ curvature of the wing

119
Q

trim tabs

A

econdary flight controls, which modify the position of the primary flight controls
used to get flight control settings just right

120
Q

flight spoilers

A

kill lift and create more drage

121
Q

ground spoilers

A

to maximize wheel brake efficiency

122
Q

speed brakes

A

speed brakes are used to create drag to slow the airplane

123
Q

what is the standard day

A

59 F, sea level, 0 humidity

124
Q

what happens if the four forces of flight are all equal

A

velocity and altitude are constant

125
Q

what is newtons 1st law

A

the four forces

126
Q

what is Bernoulli’s principle

A

As velocity increases, pressure decreases. Pressure
on top of the wing lower than beneath the wing. Pressure
differential between the top and bottom = lift.

127
Q

why were early wing designs ditched

A

Flat lower surface is not optimal aerodynamically. We started to
make more streamlined, more lift/less drag, and smoother wings

128
Q

Transonic airfoils and their unique design, why?

A

Circular arc supersonic airfoil (flying saucer)
➔ Double wedge supersonic airfoil (diamond shaped)
➔ They reduce air velocity over upper surface and delays the drag
that occurs near the speed of sound

129
Q

boundary layer- laminar

A

near leading edge, air is still smooth

130
Q

boundary layer- transition

A

air beginning to become turbulent but not building up
in height yet

131
Q

boundary layer- turbulent

A

at end of wing, air is taller in height and not flowing
smoothly

132
Q

what are longer antennas used for

A

radio comms and nav

133
Q

what are shorter antennas used for

A

high frequency data

134
Q

slipping turn

A

means uncoordinated turn- not enough rudder or even
opposite rudder

135
Q

skidding turn

A

means too much rudder in direction of turn

AT 106 (4 decks)

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