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Genetics > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

qualitative trait

A

only a few distinct phenotpyes

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2
Q

Quantitative trait

A

continously variable over some measure

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3
Q

environment

A

different genotypes perform differently based on their environment

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4
Q

t/f some traits have a threshold that must be reached

A

true

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5
Q

mean

A

provides information about the center of a distribution

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6
Q

variance

A

indicates the variability of a group of measurements or how spread out the distribution is

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7
Q

standard deviation

A

square root of variance

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8
Q

covariance

A

how two measurements vary together

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9
Q

correlation

A

the strength of association between two measurements

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10
Q

t/f correlation = causation

A

FALSE

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11
Q

regression

A

linear relationship between two variables

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12
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of the total phenotypic variation that is due to genetic differences

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13
Q

V subscript a

A

additive, comprises the additive effects of genes on the phenotype, which can be summed to determine the overall effect on the phenotype

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14
Q

V subscript d

A

dominance, alleles at a locus are not additive rather the effect of an allele depends on the identity of the other allele at the locus; TT and Tt have the same phenotypic value

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15
Q

V subscript i

A

interaction, epistatic effects where one locus “masks” the effect of others

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16
Q

V subscript E

A

environment, differences that result from environmental factors

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17
Q

V subscript GE

A

gene by environment, effect of a gene depends on the specific environment in which it is found

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18
Q

formula for V subscript p

A

Va + Vd + Vi+ Ve+ Vge

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19
Q

formula for V subscript G

A

Va + Vd + Vi

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20
Q

Broad sense heritability

A

H^2 represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic variance

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21
Q

formula for broad sense heritability

A

H^2 = Vg/Vp

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22
Q

what does a heritability value of 0 indicates

A

that none of the phenotypic variance results from differences in genotype and all of the differences in phenotype result from environmental variation

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23
Q

what does a heritability value of 1 indicate

A

that all of the phenotypic variance results from differences in genotype

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24
Q

what does a heritability value of between 0 and 1 indicate

A

that both genetic and environmental factors influence the phenotypic variance

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25
Q

narrow sense heriability

A

h^2 represents the proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to additive genetic variace “resemblance between parents and offspring”

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26
Q

narrow sense heritability formula

A

h^2 = Va/Vp

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27
Q

steps of calculating heritability

A

eliminating one or more variance components, comparing the resemblance of parents and offspring, comparing the phenotypc variances of individuals with different degrees of relatedeness, measuring the response to selection

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28
Q

parent offspring regression

A

when genetic differences are responsible for phenotypic variance, offspring should resemble their parents more than they resemble unrelated individuals

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29
Q

response to selection

A

the extent to which a characteristic subjected to selection changes in one generation

30
Q

selection differential

A

the difference between the mean phenotype of the selected parents and the mean phenotype of the original population

31
Q

mendelian population

A

which is a group of interbreeding, sexually reproducing individuals that have a common set of genes

32
Q

what is the study of population genetics

A

the study of the variation in alleles within and between groups and the evolutionary forces

33
Q

genotype frequency

A

the number of individuals with a certain genotype divided by the number of individuals

34
Q

allele frequency

A

number of copies of the allele over the number of copies of all alleles at the locus

35
Q

the hardy weinberg equilibrium

A

describes the effet of reproduction on genotypic and allelic frequencies

36
Q

hardy weinberg assumptions

A

dipolid, sexual repro, non overlapping generations, bi allelic, equal allele, random mating, no mutation, no migration, no natural selection, large population (no drift)

37
Q

hardy weinberg predictions

A

allele frequencies do not change and genotype frequencies reach equilibrium after one generation with proportions

38
Q

t/f a large population will have less random drift than a smaller population

A

true

39
Q

random mating

A

the probability that 2 individuals will mate randomly

40
Q

no mutation

A

very minor impact short term but is important long term

41
Q

no migration

A

potentially a large short term impact by physically merging gene pools

42
Q

why cant a population evolve if it meets the hardy weinberg assumptions

A

due to the lack of allelic change, reproduction alone wont cut it

43
Q

how do single generations of random mating continue to produce the equilibrium frequencies

A

these are not free from natural selection, mutation, and migration that have not acted since the last time random mating took place

44
Q

positive assortative mating

A

tendency for like individuals to mate

45
Q

negative assortative mating

A

tendency for unlike individuals to mate

46
Q

outcrossing

A

proferential mating between unrelated individuals

47
Q

inbreeding

A

preferential mating between related individuals leading to increased homozygosity

48
Q

does inbreeding change allelic frequencies

A

NO

49
Q

inbreeding coefficient

A

designated F, which is a measure of the probability that two alleles are identical by descent ranging from 0-1, 0 indicates that mating is occuring randomly in a large population; a value of 1 indicates that all alleles are identical by descent

50
Q

mutation

A

ultimate source of variation

51
Q

what does migration do to two different population gene pools

A

migration causes the gene pools to become more similar while adding genetic variation to both populations

52
Q

how is the difference allelic frequencies after migration found

A

the new allelic frequencies is determined by the difference in allele frequencies

53
Q

genetic drift

A

a limited number of gametes unite to produce the individuals of the next generation

54
Q

how is the amount of genetic drift estimated

A

the variance in allelic frequency

55
Q

causes of genetic drift

A

all genetic drift arises from sampling error, reduced population size, founder effect, and bottleneck

56
Q

founder effect

A

establishment of a population by a small number of individuals

57
Q

bottleneck

A

when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size

58
Q

effects of drift

A

produces change in allelic frequencies w/in a population, reduce genetic variation w/in populations, different populations diverge genetically from one another over time

59
Q

fitness

A

the relative reproductive success of a genotype

60
Q

selection coefficient

A

which is the relative intensity of selection against a genotype

61
Q

what is the ultimate change in genetic variation over time

A

mutation

62
Q

migration

A

blending of populations with different frequencies until equilibrium is reached

63
Q

t/f evolution deals with individuals

A

false, it deals with populations and species

64
Q

what is the raw material for genetic change

A

mutation

65
Q

biological species concept

A

members of a population that actually or potentially interbreed in nature based on reproductive isolation

66
Q

prezygotic

A

acts before a zygote has formed

67
Q

postzygotic

A

acts after a zygote has formed

68
Q

speciation

A

process by which new species arise, evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms

69
Q

allopatric

A

speciation is initiated when a geographic barrier splits a population into two or more groups and prevents gene flow between those groups

70
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation arises in the absence of any geographic barrier

71
Q

reproductive isolation mechanism

A

a consequence of genetic differentiation

Genetics (6 decks)

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