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Genetics > Exam 1 pt 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 pt 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Term used when you have 2 copies of each chromosome

A

Diploid

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2
Q

Creation of 4 daughter cells from a single parent

A

meiosis

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3
Q

Formation of 2 cells from one

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

Bonds formed along the pentose sugar backbone of a polynucleotide

A

phosphodiester

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5
Q

Term used when you only have a single copy of a chromosome

A

Haploid

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6
Q

Complete set of instructions for any organism

A

Genome

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7
Q

Stains lightly and has “active” genes

A

Euchromatin

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8
Q

DNA with a protein scaffold

A

Chromatin

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9
Q

The fundamental repeating unit of chromatin

A

Nucleosome

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10
Q

Describes the three dimensional structure of a protein

A

Tertiary

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11
Q

Stains more darkly and has “inactive” gene

A

Heterochromatin

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12
Q

Chemical bonds connecting AA

A

Peptide

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13
Q

A higher order structure involving more than one protein

A

Quanternary

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14
Q

What makes a good genetic model

A

Short generation time, produce a high but manageable number of progeny, ability to live in a lab environment, ability to be inexpensive

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15
Q

___ have a single ring structure and are “cut” from ____ which have a double ring structure

A

Pyrimidines (single) and purines (double)

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16
Q

Characteristic of mtDNA

A

Circular genome and is maternally inherited

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17
Q

Characteristics of cpDNA

A

Is much larger and more complex then mtDNA

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18
Q

T/F: The nitrogenous base in nulceic acids is attacted to the 1’ C of the pentose sugar

A

True

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19
Q

T/F: The regulatory promoter of a gene is located immediately upstream of the transcription start site which is immediately upstream of the core promotor

A

False: should be core promoter and promotor

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20
Q

T/F: Exons must be spliced out of the pre mRNA molecule so that only the introns are left in the mature mRNA

A

False: should be introns then extrons

21
Q

T/F: Enhancers are typically upstream of a gene, sometimes many kilobases away from the coding region, and function to control gene expression

A

True

22
Q

T/F: Okazaki fragments are fragments of DNA that occur on the leading strand during DNA replication

A

False:
The lagging strand replication is considered irregular and this produces discontinuous strands

23
Q

T/F: Replication of DNA is initiated by RNA primers that are later removed

A

True

24
Q

T/F: With collinearity, the number of nucleotides in the coding portion of the gene is equal to the number of amino acids in the proteins

A

True

25
Q

Of the 5 phases of the cell cycle DNA isreplicated during which phase of the cell cycle

A

S phase

26
Q

The ____ is a post transcriptional modification added to eukaryotic pre mRNA by adding 50-250+ adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end of a pre mRNA. What is one function of this modification?

A

Poly-A-Tail and to alter the half life of transcript

27
Q

Polynucleotides are polymers of nucleotides subunits similarly all proteins are polymers composed of what subunits?

A

Nucleic acids

28
Q

Recombination occurs when

A

During prophase 1

29
Q

Possible chromosomes in a cell in Anaphase 1 of meiosis if in the G1 stage there is 4 chromosomes

A

8

30
Q

Possible chromosomes in a cell in prophase of mitosis if in the G1 stage there is 4 chromosomes

A

4

31
Q

What is needed for inheritance

A

information storage, information replicated, information translated, and ability to vary

32
Q

Correct model of DNA replication

A

semi conservative

33
Q

3 building blocks of nucleic acid

A

Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

34
Q

How many H bonds can form with A? What nucleotides can bond with A?

A

2 and T and U

35
Q

How many H bonds can form with G? What nucleotides can bond with G?

A

3 and C

36
Q

Why do postivly charged histones bond with DNA

A

Because DNA is slightly negativly charged

37
Q

If a double stranded DNA molecule is 20% cytosine, what are the percentages of all the other bases in the molecule?

A

20% guanine, 30% adenine, and 30% Thymine

38
Q

Discontinous replication on the lagging strand is a result of which property of DNA

A

Antiparallel nucleotide strands

39
Q

What is no a describtion of a promotor

A

Signals where transcription ends

40
Q

DNA and RNA have polarity based on the 5’ and 3’ ends of which building block of the nucleic acid

A

pentose sugar

41
Q

Proteins have directionality based on the individusl building blocks of the molecule. We describe the directionality of a protein based on the ___ and ___ ends of the molecule

A

COO- and NH3+

42
Q

Genetic code is said to be ____

A

degenerate

43
Q

Why do the stop codons stop translation?

A

There is no amino acid to translate

44
Q

At what stage of mitosis do we take a karyotype?

A

Metaphase

45
Q

In eukaryotic organisms, why does DNA replication start at many locations along the DNA molecule?

A

Because DNA is very long and would take a long times if it only started at 1 location

46
Q

There were two very important process that occured in meiosis that contribute to the creation of genetic variation. What are those called?

A

Recombination and independent assortment

47
Q

The primary sequences of both DNA and RNA are cabable of forming higher level secondary structures. What is the most common secondary structure?

A

beta sheet

48
Q

Which polymer, DNA or RNA is typically capable of forming more types of secondary structures

A

RNA

49
Q

What is the main reason the answer above can form more secondary structures?

A

because it is single stranded

Genetics (6 decks)

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