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Genetics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of the scientific process

A

Hypothesis, Experimental design, collect data, analyze data, interpret data, new hypothesis

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2
Q

a priori

A

from the earlier

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3
Q

a posteriori

A

from the later

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4
Q

Gene

A

discrete factor of inheritance

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5
Q

Allele

A

alternative forms of a gene

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6
Q

Locus

A

specific location on a chromosome

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7
Q

Genotype

A

combination of alleles

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8
Q

homozygote

A

two identical alleles at a locus

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9
Q

heterozygote

A

two different alleles at a locus

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10
Q

phenotype

A

manifestation or appearance of a characteristic

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11
Q

dominant

A

Phen1 is dominant to Phen2 if the F1 heterozygotes have Phen1

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12
Q

recessive

A

Phen1 is recessive to phen2 if the F1 heterozygotes have phen2

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13
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between two lines that breed true for one trait

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14
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between two lines that breed true for two traits

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15
Q

parental generation

A

generation that begins an experimental cross

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16
Q

F1

A

first filial generation

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17
Q

F2

A

second filial generation

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18
Q

backcross

A

Cross between an F1 individual and one of the parental (P) genotypes.

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19
Q

reciprocal backcross

A

cross between F1 and both parental genotypes

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20
Q

Mendal’s Law of Segregation

A

2 alleles encoding a trait (diploid), alleles separate when gametes are formed, they separate in equal proportions

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21
Q

Mendal’s law of independent assortment

A

alleles at different loci separate independently

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22
Q

multiplication rule

A

the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each event

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23
Q

addition rule

A

the probability of any two or more mutually exclusive events occurring is calculated by adding the probabilities of each event

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24
Q

testcross

A

cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual with the homozygous recessive genotype

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25
Q

wild type (+)

A

trait or allele that is most commonly found in wild populations

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26
Q

superscripts & subscripts (genetic symbol)

A

used to distinguish between genes

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27
Q

slash (/)

A

distinguishes tow alleles present in an individuals genotypes

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28
Q

underscore (_) in a genotype

A

indicates that any allele is possible

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29
Q

Chi-square goodness of fit test

A

sum of
(observed-expected) squared over expected

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30
Q

types of sex determination

A

chromosomal and environmental

31
Q

sex refers to

A

sexual phenotype

32
Q

sex determination

A

mechanism by which sex is established

33
Q

hermaphrotite

A

both sexes present in the same organism

34
Q

monoecious

A

individual has both male and female gametes

35
Q

Dioecious

A

individuals are either male or female

36
Q

XX-XO

A

simple system, females have two XX, males have single X ex.grass hoppers

37
Q

heterogametic

A

sex chromosomes are of different types (XY)

38
Q

homogametic

A

sex chromosomes are of one type (XX)

39
Q

XX-XY

A

XX- female
XY- male

40
Q

X and Y pair in the

A

psuedoautosomal region (PAR)

41
Q

ZZ-ZW

A

male is homogametic, female is heterogametic (common in birds)

42
Q

turner syndrome

A

XO, usually sterile

43
Q

Poly X

A

XXX, XXXX

44
Q

Kleinfelter Syndrome

A

XXY, usually sterile

45
Q

Sex determining region Y (SRY)

A

encodes a transcription factor that promotes differentiation of the testes

46
Q

Hemizygous

A

males for genes on the X chromosome

47
Q

dosage compensation

A

Mechanism in which X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females.

48
Q

Lyon hypothesis

A

the proposal that dosage compensation in mammalian females is accomplished by partially and randomly inactivating one of the two X chromosomes

49
Q

complete dominance

A

type of dominance in which the same phenotype is expressed in homozygotes(AA) and heterozygotes (Aa)

50
Q

with complete dominance only the phenotype of what allele is expressed in a heterozygote

A

dominant allele

51
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotype of the two homozygotes

52
Q

codominance

A

allelic interaction in which the heterozygote simultaneously expresses traits of both homozygotes

53
Q

the important thing to remember about dominance is that it

A

affects the way genes are expressed, but not the way they are inherited

54
Q

the nature of dominance is relative to

A

the level at which the phenotype is examined

55
Q

penetrance

A

percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype

56
Q

incomplete penetrance

A

some individuals possess the genotype for a trait but do not express the expected phenotype

57
Q

expressivity

A

degree to which a trait is expressed

58
Q

multiple alleles

A

presence of more than 2 alleles at a locus in a group of diploid individuals. Each individual has only 2 of the possible alleles

59
Q

number of genotypes possible

A

[n(n+1)/2]

60
Q

lethal allele

A

allele that causes death, often in early development

61
Q

compound heterozygote

A

an individual who carries two different alleles at a locus that results in a recessive phenotype

62
Q

gene interaction

A

interaction between genes at different loci that affect the same characteristic

63
Q

epistasis

A

type of gene interaction in which a gene at one locus masks or suppresses the effects of a gene at a different locus

64
Q

epistatic gene

A

the gene that suppresses the effect of a gene at a different locus

65
Q

hypostatic gene

A

gene that is masked by action of gene at different locus

66
Q

recessive epistasis

A

recessive genotype at one locus masks phenotype at a second locus

67
Q

dominant epistasis

A

a single copy of an allele at one locus masks phenotype at second locus

68
Q

duplicate recessive epistasis

A

two recessive alleles at either of two loci are capable of suppressing a phenotype

69
Q

complementation test

A

designed to determine whether two different mutation are at the same locus or at different loci

70
Q

sex-influenced

A

characteristic encoded by autosomal genes that are more readily expressed in one sex

71
Q

sex-limited

A

characteristic encoded by autosomal genes and expressed in only one sex

72
Q

cytoplasmic inheritance

A

Inheritance of characteristics encoded by genes located in the cytoplasm. Because the cytoplasm is usually contributed entirely by only one parent, most cytoplasmically inherited characteristics are inherited from a single parent.

73
Q

genetic maternal effect

A

maternal effect
determination of the phenotype of an offspring not by its own genotype but by the nuclear genotype of it’s mother

74
Q

genomic imprinting

A

differential expression of a gene that depends on the sex of the parent that transmitted the gene

Genetics (6 decks)

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