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intro to animal science > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of environment did horses evolve from?

A

jungle

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2
Q

what are some ways that horses evolve?

A

longer legs, four toes to one

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3
Q

what are the only modern wild horses and where are they located?

A

przewalski’s horse, mongolian plains

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4
Q

how many years have horses been domesticated?

A

5000 to 7000 years

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5
Q

why were horses first domesticated?

A

food

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6
Q

when did humans start using horses for battle?

A

2000 BC

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7
Q

when were horses brought to the US?

A

1500s

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8
Q

When were horses domesticated for olympics?

A

1450 BC

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9
Q

who brought horses to the US? where did he bring them from?

A

cortez from spain

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10
Q

what is the equivalent of a hand in inches?

A

4 in

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11
Q

what is the function of a draft horse?

A

for work

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12
Q

what is the function of a light horse?

A

riding

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13
Q

what is the function of a gated horse?

A

riding with a specific footfall pattern

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14
Q

what is a warmblood horse?

A

draft and gated crossbreeds

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15
Q

what does a warm blooded temperament mean?

A

mix between hot and cold

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16
Q

what is a cold temperament?

A

calmer

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17
Q

what is a hot blooded temperament?

A

more active

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18
Q

what is the temperament of a draft horse?

A

cold blooded

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19
Q

what is the temperament of light and gated horses?

A

hot blooded

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20
Q

what is the temperament of ponies?

A

hot and cold

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21
Q

what country has the most domesticated equids?

A

china

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22
Q

what is the function of the cornea?

A

a. layer of cells to protect the interior components of the eye.
b. acts as a lens due to bending of light effect.

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23
Q

what is the function of the lens?

A

bends light to focus the perceived image on the retina

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24
Q

where is the retina?

A

back of the eye

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25
Q

what is the function of the retina?

A

supports rods and cones

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26
Q

what are rods responsible for perceiving?

A

low light vision

27
Q

what are cones responsible for perceiving?

A

colors

28
Q

what do rods respond to?

A

low intensity light within a specific range of wavelength

29
Q

what is the tapetum?

A

layer of reflective cells behind the retina

30
Q

what advantages does the tapetum offer?

A

photons of light are reflected and are able to potentially stimulate more rods, enhancing vision

31
Q

why is the US fourth in # of domesticated equids?

A

we have moved away from using them for work and transportation, using them almost only for recreation

32
Q

why did horse #s skyrocket when the 1986 tax reform was in place?

A

people could easily use a failing horse business to negate the taxes of their successful business

33
Q

about how many horses are in the US today?

A

3.8 to 7.2 million

34
Q

why is the number of horses in the US such a large potential range?

A

equine numbers aren’t surveyed like cows and other livestock

35
Q

what are some physical characteristics of draft horses?

A

biggest type of horse, 16-19 hands, up to 3000 lbs, heavy boned, large framed, lot of power, designed for forward movement

36
Q

what are draft horses used for?

A

to pull or haul

37
Q

what are some physical characteristics of light horses?

A

14.3 to 17 hands, 1000-1500 lbs

38
Q

what are light horses bred for?

A

riding and subsequently speed, agility, endurance, etc.

39
Q

what is the characteristic associated with arabian horses?

A

endurance

40
Q

what is the characteristic associated with thoroughbreds?

A

they are fast for long distances

41
Q

what is the characteristic associated with quarter-horses?

A

sprinter/ quick for a short distance

42
Q

what are gated horses known for?

A

extreme/consistent movement patterns

43
Q

what does dichromatic mean?

A

can see blue (short waves) and earth tones (middle-long wave)

44
Q

what colors can trichromatics see?

A

blue (short wave), green (middle), and red (long)

45
Q

do animals have more rods or cones?

A

rods

46
Q

do humans have more rods or cones?

A

cones

47
Q

what are pluses of equine limb anatomy?

A

a. increases height (improves vision)
b. increased stride length (potentially increases speed)

48
Q

what are negatives of equine limb anatomy?

A

a. increased weight = slower movements
b. higher center of gravity = stability issues

49
Q

what aspects of a horses anatomy increase its stability?

A

a. semi flexible spine
2. fusion of radius/ulna
3. fusion of tibia/fibula

50
Q

what are the two aspects of stride anatomy and what do they mean?

A

a. flexion - power stroke
b. extension- reach for next step

51
Q

what are aspects of equine vision?

A
  • greater lowlight vision (rods/tapetum)
  • limited color vision (dichromatic)
  • limited accommodation (distance focused)
52
Q

what is the horse equivalent to a human shoulder blade?

A

scapula

53
Q

what is the horse equivalent to a human upper arm?

A

humerus

54
Q

what is the horse equivalent to a human forearm?

A

radius/ulna

55
Q

what is the horse equivalent to a human wrist?

A

knee/carpus

56
Q

what is the horse equivalent to a human knuckles?

A

cannon

57
Q

what is the horse equivalent to a human fingers?

A

fetlock

58
Q

what animal eats approximately the same amount as a horse?

A

bovine

59
Q

what percentage of their body weight do horses have to eat?

A

1 to 3%

60
Q

how many hours a day does a horse eat?

A

20

61
Q

why are there issues with feeding horses in stalls?

A

horses have a small GI tract and need constant access to food since they eat 20 hours a day; can cause issues with GIT

62
Q

what is the unique function of the equine spleen?

A

can store and later release RBCs

63
Q

what aspects of equid head anatomy benefit airflow/O2 intake?

A

hollow, large diameter, separate trachea and esophagus (can only breath through nose)

64
Q

what is the typical cause for a hematocrit rise?

A

when the subject is dehydrated

intro to animal science (6 decks)

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