exam 2 Flashcards
what animal does it take millions of dollars to reproduce?
panda
what is the estrous cycle?
all physiological and behavioral changes from one ovulation to the next
what is estrus?
the period of receptivity to be bred by the male
what is the female gamete?
ovum
what is the follicle?
ovum and all of the cells that support ovum development in an ovary
what is oviposita?
the process of laying an egg
what are the four types of reproductive systems?
duplex, bicornuate, simplex, and avian
what animals use the duplex repro system?
marsupials and rodents
what animals use the bicornuate repro system?
livestock, dogs, and cats
what animals use the simplex repro system?
humans and primates
what organs are included in bicornuate systems?
2 ovaries, 2 oviducts, 2 uterine horns, uterine body, cervix, and vagina
what is the exocrine function of the ovaries?
production and release of an ovum
what are the endocrine functions of the ovaries?
production and release of specific hormones
what is the hormone of estrus?
estrogen
what does estrogen do?
prepare the repro tract for potential gamete fertilization
how is the corpus luteum developed?
it develops from the cells of the follicle after ovulation
what does progesterone do?
preps the repro tract for pregnancy
progesterone is the hormone of _________
pregnancy
what is the function of the oviduct?
transport of ovum and sperm; provides nutrition for embryo while in transport to the uterus
what is the oviduct?
the site of fertilization
what are the transport functions of the uterus?
moving the sperm from the uterine body to the oviduct using smooth muscle contractions
what are the nutrition functions of the uterus?
provides embryo nutrients until placental attachment
what are all the functions of the uterus?
transport, nutrition, site of gestation, and endocrine
what is the function of the cervix?
protection of the uterus
what are functions of the vagina?
site of semen deposition, supports removal of urine
what animal is the exception to semen deposition in the vagina?
pigs
what are the three parts of the placenta?
amnion, chorion, and allentois?
what are the functions of the placenta?
exchange of products between dam and offspring (nutrients and waste), hydraulic dampener/shock absorber, parturition/chorioallantois (dialate cervix)
what is amnion fluid?
lubricant in the birth canal
what is diffuse placental attachment?
placenta attaches throughout the uterus of the dam; attach via microvilli throughout uterus
what animals have diffuse placental attachment?
pigs, horses
what is zonary placental attachment?
regional diffuse
what animals use zonary placental attachment?
dogs, cats
what is cotyledonary placental attachment?
it attaches at specific sites on the uterus
what animals use cotyledonary placental attachment?
cows, sheep, goats (# of sites varies among species)
what is discoid placental attachment?
simple disc-shaped attachment
what animals use discoid placental attachment?
primates
what is stage I of parturition?
final preparatory: uterine contractions, cervical dial at ion, (some) repositioning of fetus
what is stage II of parturition?
delivery of fetus
what is stage III of parturition?
removal of placenta- time depends on type of placental attachment
why do animals often isolate to give birth?
to avoid predators
what is the hardest part of the animal to exit the birth canal?
shoulders
what are examples of bipartite animals?
cattle, sheep, goat, horse, pig, dog, cat
what is the Placental attachment site?
Attachment of fetal and
maternal tissues to allow transport of O2/CO2, nutrient and
waste products
what happens in the uterus to expel the fetus?
smooth muscle contractions
what are the unique features of an avian ovary?
a. Left ovary only – branched lobes
b. Follicle includes yolk
what is the Infundibulum?
Sperm nests – if bred
what is the cloaca?
Common opening - Fistula where reproductive and digestive tracks
terminate
what is the function of the Epididymis?
Transport, maturation and storage of sperm
what are the functions of the Vas Deferens?
Sperm transport only (epididymis to urethra)
what are the three types of accessory glands?
a. Seminal vesicles (Vesicular glands)
b. Prostate – diffuse gland
c. Bulbourethra (Cowpers gland)
what animals have fiberous penises?
bull, boar, ram, billy
what is the function of the Baculum?
Prevent occlusion of the urethra
during breeding
what is Lanolin?
Oil secreted at the skin surface for waterproofing, wind protection
what are the characteristics of high quality wool?
i. Thinner diameter (microns)
ii. More crimps/inch (CPI)
iii. Longer staple (and fewer break points)
iv. Color – Translucent (white)
what is a vaccine?
active immunization – Stimulates immune system to respond to future
exposure to a specific antigen
what does an antibiotic do?
kills bacteria
what does a paracide do?
Compounds designed to kill internal and/or external parasites
what is dystocia?
some kind of difficulty in the partuition process
what are some causes of dystocia?
Correlation btwn birth rate and size of dam; condition of dam; malpresentation; etc.
what species is dystocia very rare among?
pigs
what is the magnum?
adds albumen (protein)
what part of the egg foes the isthmus add?
inner and outer shell membrane
where is sperm dumped to mix with accessory fluids to make semen?
the urethra
what are the functions of the testes?
exocrine (sperm production), endocrine (T, E2)
what is the function of the vas defrens?
rapid sperm transport from cauda epididymus to urethra
what is the epididymus?
a single tubule
what are the functions of the epididymus?
transportation, maturation, sperm storage, and nutrition
what are the three potential accessory glands?
seminal vesicles, prostate, bulba urethra `````````
what are characteristics of a vascular penis?
diameter, length, and stiffness can change with influx of blood; have two big corpus cavernosum
what is unique about the fibrous penis?
diameter and length do not change
what animals have a vascular penis?
horses and humans
what animals have a fibrous penis?
bulls, rams, most livestock
what is the tunica albuginea?
connective tissue in the penis
what is the corpus caveronsum?
blood influx in the penis
where are the testes for avians?
inside the body cavity
what makes up the female avian reproductive tract?
left ovary and modified left oviduct
what makes up the male avian repro tract?
2 testes and a modified epididymus
what is the sperm longevity of mammals vs avians?
<72 hrs vs 35 to 70 days
phenotype = _______ + ________
genotype + environment
what is a gene?
DNA that codes for a specific substance
what are qualitative traits?
few genes, discrete classes (yes or no)
what are quantitative traits?
many genes, expression over a range
what is inbreeding?
mating of individuals that are more related than the average population
what is linebreeding?
concentrate genes of a particular ancestor
what is outbreeding?
mating individuals that are less related than the average population
what is outbreeding within a breed?
outcrossing
what is outcrossing of different breeds?
crossbreeding
what is heterosis?
expression of the offspring in a given trait is higher than the average of parental breeds
what industries are crossbreeding and outcrossing the most prominent in?
beef industry
why do mules not truly exist?
they have no genetic fitness/ ability to pass on genes and reproduce
what is a chimera?
mixture of incompatible chromosomes or # of chromosomes
what is selection in regards to genetic change?
determination of parents of the next generation
