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intro to animal science > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what animal does it take millions of dollars to reproduce?

A

panda

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2
Q

what is the estrous cycle?

A

all physiological and behavioral changes from one ovulation to the next

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3
Q

what is estrus?

A

the period of receptivity to be bred by the male

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4
Q

what is the female gamete?

A

ovum

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5
Q

what is the follicle?

A

ovum and all of the cells that support ovum development in an ovary

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6
Q

what is oviposita?

A

the process of laying an egg

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7
Q

what are the four types of reproductive systems?

A

duplex, bicornuate, simplex, and avian

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8
Q

what animals use the duplex repro system?

A

marsupials and rodents

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9
Q

what animals use the bicornuate repro system?

A

livestock, dogs, and cats

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10
Q

what animals use the simplex repro system?

A

humans and primates

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11
Q

what organs are included in bicornuate systems?

A

2 ovaries, 2 oviducts, 2 uterine horns, uterine body, cervix, and vagina

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12
Q

what is the exocrine function of the ovaries?

A

production and release of an ovum

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13
Q

what are the endocrine functions of the ovaries?

A

production and release of specific hormones

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14
Q

what is the hormone of estrus?

A

estrogen

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15
Q

what does estrogen do?

A

prepare the repro tract for potential gamete fertilization

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16
Q

how is the corpus luteum developed?

A

it develops from the cells of the follicle after ovulation

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17
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

preps the repro tract for pregnancy

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18
Q

progesterone is the hormone of _________

A

pregnancy

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19
Q

what is the function of the oviduct?

A

transport of ovum and sperm; provides nutrition for embryo while in transport to the uterus

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20
Q

what is the oviduct?

A

the site of fertilization

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21
Q

what are the transport functions of the uterus?

A

moving the sperm from the uterine body to the oviduct using smooth muscle contractions

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22
Q

what are the nutrition functions of the uterus?

A

provides embryo nutrients until placental attachment

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23
Q

what are all the functions of the uterus?

A

transport, nutrition, site of gestation, and endocrine

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24
Q

what is the function of the cervix?

A

protection of the uterus

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25
Q

what are functions of the vagina?

A

site of semen deposition, supports removal of urine

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26
Q

what animal is the exception to semen deposition in the vagina?

A

pigs

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27
Q

what are the three parts of the placenta?

A

amnion, chorion, and allentois?

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28
Q

what are the functions of the placenta?

A

exchange of products between dam and offspring (nutrients and waste), hydraulic dampener/shock absorber, parturition/chorioallantois (dialate cervix)

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29
Q

what is amnion fluid?

A

lubricant in the birth canal

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30
Q

what is diffuse placental attachment?

A

placenta attaches throughout the uterus of the dam; attach via microvilli throughout uterus

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31
Q

what animals have diffuse placental attachment?

A

pigs, horses

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32
Q

what is zonary placental attachment?

A

regional diffuse

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33
Q

what animals use zonary placental attachment?

A

dogs, cats

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34
Q

what is cotyledonary placental attachment?

A

it attaches at specific sites on the uterus

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35
Q

what animals use cotyledonary placental attachment?

A

cows, sheep, goats (# of sites varies among species)

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36
Q

what is discoid placental attachment?

A

simple disc-shaped attachment

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37
Q

what animals use discoid placental attachment?

A

primates

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38
Q

what is stage I of parturition?

A

final preparatory: uterine contractions, cervical dial at ion, (some) repositioning of fetus

39
Q

what is stage II of parturition?

A

delivery of fetus

40
Q

what is stage III of parturition?

A

removal of placenta- time depends on type of placental attachment

41
Q

why do animals often isolate to give birth?

A

to avoid predators

42
Q

what is the hardest part of the animal to exit the birth canal?

A

shoulders

43
Q

what are examples of bipartite animals?

A

cattle, sheep, goat, horse, pig, dog, cat

44
Q

what is the Placental attachment site?

A

Attachment of fetal and
maternal tissues to allow transport of O2/CO2, nutrient and
waste products

45
Q

what happens in the uterus to expel the fetus?

A

smooth muscle contractions

46
Q

what are the unique features of an avian ovary?

A

a. Left ovary only – branched lobes
b. Follicle includes yolk

47
Q

what is the Infundibulum?

A

Sperm nests – if bred

48
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

Common opening - Fistula where reproductive and digestive tracks
terminate

49
Q

what is the function of the Epididymis?

A

Transport, maturation and storage of sperm

50
Q

what are the functions of the Vas Deferens?

A

Sperm transport only (epididymis to urethra)

51
Q

what are the three types of accessory glands?

A

a. Seminal vesicles (Vesicular glands)
b. Prostate – diffuse gland
c. Bulbourethra (Cowpers gland)

52
Q

what animals have fiberous penises?

A

bull, boar, ram, billy

53
Q

what is the function of the Baculum?

A

Prevent occlusion of the urethra
during breeding

54
Q

what is Lanolin?

A

Oil secreted at the skin surface for waterproofing, wind protection

55
Q

what are the characteristics of high quality wool?

A

i. Thinner diameter (microns)
ii. More crimps/inch (CPI)
iii. Longer staple (and fewer break points)
iv. Color – Translucent (white)

56
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

active immunization – Stimulates immune system to respond to future
exposure to a specific antigen

57
Q

what does an antibiotic do?

A

kills bacteria

58
Q

what does a paracide do?

A

Compounds designed to kill internal and/or external parasites

59
Q

what is dystocia?

A

some kind of difficulty in the partuition process

60
Q

what are some causes of dystocia?

A

Correlation btwn birth rate and size of dam; condition of dam; malpresentation; etc.

61
Q

what species is dystocia very rare among?

A

pigs

62
Q

what is the magnum?

A

adds albumen (protein)

63
Q

what part of the egg foes the isthmus add?

A

inner and outer shell membrane

64
Q

where is sperm dumped to mix with accessory fluids to make semen?

A

the urethra

65
Q

what are the functions of the testes?

A

exocrine (sperm production), endocrine (T, E2)

66
Q

what is the function of the vas defrens?

A

rapid sperm transport from cauda epididymus to urethra

67
Q

what is the epididymus?

A

a single tubule

68
Q

what are the functions of the epididymus?

A

transportation, maturation, sperm storage, and nutrition

69
Q

what are the three potential accessory glands?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulba urethra `````````

70
Q

what are characteristics of a vascular penis?

A

diameter, length, and stiffness can change with influx of blood; have two big corpus cavernosum

71
Q

what is unique about the fibrous penis?

A

diameter and length do not change

72
Q

what animals have a vascular penis?

A

horses and humans

73
Q

what animals have a fibrous penis?

A

bulls, rams, most livestock

74
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A

connective tissue in the penis

75
Q

what is the corpus caveronsum?

A

blood influx in the penis

76
Q

where are the testes for avians?

A

inside the body cavity

77
Q

what makes up the female avian reproductive tract?

A

left ovary and modified left oviduct

78
Q

what makes up the male avian repro tract?

A

2 testes and a modified epididymus

79
Q

what is the sperm longevity of mammals vs avians?

A

<72 hrs vs 35 to 70 days

80
Q

phenotype = _______ + ________

A

genotype + environment

81
Q

what is a gene?

A

DNA that codes for a specific substance

82
Q

what are qualitative traits?

A

few genes, discrete classes (yes or no)

83
Q

what are quantitative traits?

A

many genes, expression over a range

84
Q

what is inbreeding?

A

mating of individuals that are more related than the average population

85
Q

what is linebreeding?

A

concentrate genes of a particular ancestor

86
Q

what is outbreeding?

A

mating individuals that are less related than the average population

87
Q

what is outbreeding within a breed?

A

outcrossing

88
Q

what is outcrossing of different breeds?

A

crossbreeding

89
Q

what is heterosis?

A

expression of the offspring in a given trait is higher than the average of parental breeds

90
Q

what industries are crossbreeding and outcrossing the most prominent in?

A

beef industry

91
Q

why do mules not truly exist?

A

they have no genetic fitness/ ability to pass on genes and reproduce

92
Q

what is a chimera?

A

mixture of incompatible chromosomes or # of chromosomes

93
Q

what is selection in regards to genetic change?

A

determination of parents of the next generation

intro to animal science (6 decks)

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