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intro to animal science > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a castrated male horse?

A

gelding

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2
Q

what is an immature male horse?

A

colt

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3
Q

what is an immature female horse?

A

filly

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4
Q

what does parturition mean?

A

the act of giving birth

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5
Q

what are ovine?

A

sheep

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6
Q

what is a mature male sheep?

A

ram

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7
Q

what is a mature male horse?

A

stallion

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8
Q

what is a mature female horse?

A

mare

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9
Q

what is a mature female sheep?

A

ewe

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10
Q

what is a castrated male sheep?

A

wether

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11
Q

what is an immature male sheep?

A

ram lamb

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12
Q

what is an immature female sheep?

A

ewe lamb

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13
Q

what is a newborn sheep called?

A

lamb

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14
Q

What is the parturition process of a sheep?

A

lambing

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15
Q

what are porcine?

A

pigs

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16
Q

what is a mature male pig?

A

boar

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17
Q

what is a mature female pig?

A

sow

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18
Q

what is a castrated male pig?

A

barrrow

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19
Q

what is an immature male pig?

A

pig

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20
Q

what is an immature female pig?

A

gilt

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21
Q

what is a newborn pig called?

A

shout/piglet

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22
Q

what is the parturition process of a pig?

A

farrowing

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23
Q

what is an immature male bovine?

A

bull calf/bullock

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24
Q

What are caprine?

A

goats

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25
Q

What is a mature male goat?

A

billy/buck

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26
Q

what is a mature female goat?

A

nanny/doe

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27
Q

what is a castrated male goat?

A

wether

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28
Q

what is an immature male goat?

A

buckling

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29
Q

what is am immature female goat?

A

doeling

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30
Q

what is a newborn goat?

A

kid

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31
Q

what is the parturition process of a goat?

A

kidding

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32
Q

what is a mature male cat?

A

tom

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33
Q

What is a mature female cat?

A

queen

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34
Q

what is a castrated male cat?

A

gib

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35
Q

what is the parturition process of a cat?

A

queening

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36
Q

what is a castrated male chicken?

A

capon

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37
Q

what is an immature male chicken?

A

cockerel

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38
Q

what is an immature female chicken?

A

pullet

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39
Q

What does it mean when an animal is considered “wild?”

A

not domesticated

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40
Q

what are domestic animals?

A

animals used for work, food source, pet, etc; subject to selective breeding for human purposes

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41
Q

how many major species have been domesticated?

A

15

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42
Q

what are feral animals?

A

animals that have returned to living in a “wild” state or condition

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43
Q

how many years of domestication have modern day dogs been through?

A

12,000 years

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44
Q

how many years of domestication have horses been through?

A

7,000 years

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45
Q

can you undomestimate an animal?

A

no

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46
Q

are there wild horses in the US?

A

no

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47
Q

which domesticated species often readily becomes feral?

A

cats

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48
Q

what is a tame animal?

A

an animal that is relatively tolerant of human presence (wild or domesticated)

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49
Q

what are introduced species?

A

not native; believed to be beneficial to mankind (wild or domesticated)

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50
Q

what is an invasive species?

A

not native; believed to cause some sort of damage

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51
Q

what can make the difference between introduced and invasive?

A

perception of good or bad

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52
Q

do many civilizations exist without domestication?

A

no; the ones that do exist are hunters and gatherers

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53
Q

why do more developed civilizations typically have domesticated animals?

A

able to move attention from hunting and gathering in order to do things like art and trade

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54
Q

were plants or animals domesticated first? why?

A

plants; easier bc they don’t move, bite, etc.

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55
Q

why are there so few domesticated species?

A

because once a species filled a role, there was no need to for something else that would fall into the same role

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56
Q

what are the magnificent 7?

A

dog, cat, goat, sheep, cow, horses, pigs

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57
Q

what is the theory of intentional domestication?

A

people are trying to create offspring that are more friendly to humans; strict captivity, trait standardization, genetic firewall (minimize genes from wild species), intentional breeding; first they are being raised for tameness and then whatever they want to use that animal for

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58
Q

what is the theory of self-domestication?

A

when an animal is domesticated on their own by receiving some benefit from being close to humans (ex. trash: dog gets closer to humans and their trash, eats more, more likely to survive)

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59
Q

horses = equine, cows = bovine, mouse = ?

A

murine

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60
Q

what animals self domesticated? (out of the main 7)

A

dog, cat, mouse, pig

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61
Q

what are the ancestors of modern day sheep?

A

Mouflon

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62
Q

what animals were subject to intentional domestication? (out of main 7)

A

sheep, goats, cows, horses

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63
Q

what are the ancestors of goats?

A

bezoar/ ibex

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64
Q

horse = equine, sheep = ?

A

ovine

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65
Q

what is the only domesticated animal from africa?

A

donkey

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66
Q

why were cattle ultimately domesticated?

A

they became associated with wealth

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67
Q

what’s the ancestor for chickens?

A

red jungle fowl

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68
Q

why would you alter the age structure among herds?

A

eliminate problematic males because you can have one bull for a lot of heifers

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69
Q

what is the only domesticated native species to come from north america? (main 15)

A

turkeys

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70
Q

what does dromedary mean?

A

a camel with one hump

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71
Q

what does bactrian mean?

A

a camel with two humps

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72
Q

what are some results of domestication?

A

size, tameness, behavior changes, growth, appearance, etc.

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73
Q

what does propagate mean?

A

breed specimens by natural processes from the parent stock

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74
Q

what domesticated and wild species came out of south america?

A

guinea pigs

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75
Q

what domesticated and wild species came out of europe?

A

rabbits

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76
Q

what domesticated and wild species came out of russia/scandinavia?

A

caribou/ reindeer

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77
Q

what are nutrients?

A

compounds of the animals diet required for normal physiological function

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78
Q

what are the five nutrient requirements?

A

water, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals

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79
Q

what is prehension?

A

method to gather or collect nutrients to enter digestive system

80
Q

what is mastication?

A

mechanical digestion

81
Q

what is microbial digestion?

A

animal has symbiotic relationships with microbes that help break down food

82
Q

what is eliminated from the digestive system?

A

material consumed that is indigestible/ non-digestible

83
Q

how much of a carnivores diet is animal based?

A

80-90%

84
Q

what kind of digestion happens in carnivores?

A

chemical digestion and very limited microbial digestion

85
Q

what is the diet of an omnivore?

A

meat and highly digestible plant materials

86
Q

what kind of digestion do omnivores do?

A

chemical digestion and some microbial digestion (species dependent)

87
Q

what is the diet of an herbivore?

A

primarily forages, low digestible plant components (high fiber)

88
Q

what kind of digestion does an herbivore do?

A

primarily microbial digestion with chemical digestion secondary

89
Q

what are the characteristics of a monogastric digestive system?

A

single chambered gastric stomach

90
Q

what consumer groups have monogastric digestive systems?

A

carnivores and omnivores

91
Q

where does digestion begin?

A

in the mouth

92
Q

what are characterizations of a ruminant digestive system?

A

multichambered stomach and fermentation availability

93
Q

what is another name for a ruminant?

A

fore-gut fermentator

94
Q

what are characteristics of a non-ruminant herbivore’s digestive system?

A

true monogastric with significant microbial fermentation abilities

95
Q

what type of digestive system is found in avians?

A

modified monogastric

96
Q

what does “modified monogastric” mean?

A

same organs, different order

97
Q

what does pH stand for

A

power of Hydrogen

98
Q

what is unique about the esophagus of a ruminant?

A

it’s a two-way system

99
Q

what happens in the proximal region of the small intestine?

A

chemical digestion (milder than in stomach)

100
Q

what happens in the distal region of the small intestine?

A

mostly nutrient absorption

101
Q

why is there a lot of blood flow to the small intestine?

A

for nutrients to enter the blood stream

102
Q

what does a bigger esophagus imply?

A

lesser mastication ability

103
Q

what happens in the cecum if it is functional?

A

microbial digestion

104
Q

what happens in the large intestine?

A

mostly water metabolism and some nutrient absorption

105
Q

is the GI tract of a carnivore longer or shorter than that of an omnivore

A

shorter

106
Q

what are the five nutrient requirements?

A
  1. water
  2. energy
  3. proteins
  4. vitamins
  5. minerals
107
Q

what are the four chambers of a ruminant stomach in the order that food travels through?

A
  1. rumen/reticulum
  2. rumen/reticulum
  3. omasum
  4. abomasum
108
Q

how do herbivores chew?

A

circularly

109
Q

what is the function of the reticulum?

A

bolus formation and to collect indigestible material

110
Q

what is hardware disease?

A

the heart is in front of the reticulum and ruminants can swallow things like wire, nails, etc. which can irritate the heart

111
Q

what is the treatment for hardware disease?

A

feeding the ruminants magnets to gather the metal materials together

112
Q

what takes place in the rumen?

A

microbial digestion/ microbial fermentation

113
Q

what is the capacity of the rumen?

A

50 to 60 gallons

114
Q

what is the omasum?

A

separator/strainer; sorts material between the rumen and the rest of the GI tract

115
Q

what is not allowed to pass by the omasum?

A

big stuff that can still be masticated more

116
Q

what happens in the abomasum?

A

chemical digestion

117
Q

what cannot be digested via chemical digestion?

A

cellulose

118
Q

what can be digested by chemical digestion?

A

starch and glycogen

119
Q

why can pigs digest some cellulose?

A

they have a functioning cecum

120
Q

what is the significance of volatile fatty acids to ruminants?

A

major end product of microbial fermentation; provide 80% at most of energy for the ruminant

121
Q

what is the significance of volatile fatty acids to non-ruminant herbivores?

A

provide 60% at most of energy substrate

122
Q

what does glycogen do?

A

glucose storage

123
Q

what is cellulose?

A

glucose arrangements for structural support

124
Q

what does it mean if a horse is colic?

A

it has an issue with the GI tract

125
Q

what is caprophagy?

A

eating feces to get microbes; good for non-ruminant herbivores to grow their microbial population

126
Q

how many hours a day do horses often eat?

A

20 hours

127
Q

what is the rate of passage?

A

how long it takes food to get through the GI tract

128
Q

what is the rate of passage for bovine?

A

80% in 70-90 hours

129
Q

what is the rate of passage for equine?

A

85% in 35 to 50 hours

130
Q

what is the crop?

A

pouch in the avian GI tract; located outside the body cavity; mild chemical digestion and moistening of ingested materials

131
Q

what is unique about the location of the crop?

A

it is located outside the body cavity

132
Q

what is the function of the crop?

A

mild chem digestion; moistens digested food

133
Q

what is the proventriculus?

A

avian gastric stomach that does chemical digestion

134
Q

what is the function of the gizzard?

A

mastication by smushing the food

135
Q

what is grit?

A

small rocks that birds consume to aid mechanical digestion and for minerals

136
Q

how does grit benefit mechanical digestion?

A

increases surface area, helps break up the food by having something hard to grind the food with

137
Q

what does ceca mean?

A

cecum x2

138
Q

what makes up 60% of an animal’s body composition?

A

water

139
Q

what makes up 16% of an animal’s body composition?

A

protein

140
Q

what makes up 2-20% of an animal’s body composition?

A

fat

141
Q

what makes up 4% of an animal’s body composition?

A

ash (mineral)

142
Q

what are nutrient classes?

A

substances that provide each specific nutrient

143
Q

what are the nutrient classes for energy?

A

fats and carbohydrates

144
Q

what is the nutrient class for proteins?

A

amino acids

145
Q

what is commonly the most limiting nutrient?

A

energy

146
Q

what is the first concern when balancing a ration?

A

energy

147
Q

when creating and balancing a ration it is assumed that ____ is available.

A

water

148
Q

what is starch?

A

carbohydrate that is the chief form of stored energy in plants

149
Q

what is cellulose?

A

carbohydrate that is the main component of the cell walls of most plants

150
Q

what is glycogen?

A

carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and the muscles in animals

151
Q

low in fiber = ?

A

high in energy

152
Q

glucose, fructose, and galactose are…

A

monosaccharides

153
Q

sucrose =

A

glucose + fructose

154
Q

lactose =

A

glucose + galactose

155
Q

maltose =

A

glucose + glucose

156
Q

what cannot be digested chemically?

A

cellulose

157
Q

what do monogastrics get energy from?

A

simple CHO’s / glucose

158
Q

where do ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores get their energy?

A

simple CHOs and volatile fatty acids (primary)

159
Q

what has 2.25x more energy than carbohydrates?

A

lipids/fats

160
Q

what causes loss of energy?

A

heat, fecal, and urine/gases

161
Q

what do amino acids make up in the body?

A

muscles, ligaments, connective tissue, and tendons

162
Q

where do ruminants get protein that monogastrics don’t?

A

digesting microbes

163
Q

how many macrominerals are there?

A

7

164
Q

how many microminerals are there?

A

11

165
Q

what is calcium and what does it construct?

A

a macromineral; bone, teeth, nerve and muscle function

166
Q

what do sodium, potassium, and chlorine maintain?

A

osmotic balance, nerve function, and muscle function

167
Q

what is the function of iron when digested?

A

hemoglobin (oxygen transport)

168
Q

what is the function of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

can be stored; have a down rate of metabolic breakdown

169
Q

what is the function of vitamin A?

A

cell growth; can be stored in liver for up to six months

170
Q

what is the function of vitamin D?

A

bone formation

171
Q

what is vitamin K?

A

clotting factors

172
Q

what is vitamin E?

A

red blood cells

173
Q

what are water soluble vitamins?

A

can’t be stored, must be constantly replaced

174
Q

what is the function of B-complex vitamins?

A

many different functions regarding metabolism

175
Q

what is vitamin C?

A

antioxidant

176
Q

what vitamin deficiency causes scurvy? what are symptoms?

A

vitamin C; swollen, bleeding, ulcerated gums, loosened teeth, weak bones, and hemorrhaging

177
Q

what physical changes do an animal’s nutrient requirements change due to?

A

weight/size, state of production, level of production, work, and age

178
Q

what environmental changes do an animal’s nutrient requirements change due to?

A

climate, physical activity, and diseases/parasites

179
Q

what are roughages?

A

plant material; high in fiber = low in energy

180
Q

What are the two types of roughages?

A

Proteinaceous and carbonaceous

181
Q

What is fiber?

A

Cellulose and more complex cellulose

182
Q

What type of animals are roughages important to? Why?

A

Ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores; it is critical for providing a feed substrate for microbial digestion and maintain GI tract integrity

183
Q

What are proteinaceous roughages?

A

A plant source that is higher in protein (created protein >15% )

184
Q

What is the created protein % of grasses?

A

7 -9%

185
Q

What does constant roughages do to the GI tract?

A

It keeps it distended

186
Q

What is the length of a sheep’s small intestine?

A

About 112 ft.

187
Q

What is the length of a dog’s small intestine?

A

About 40 ft.

188
Q

What are examples of proteinaceous roughages?

A

Legumes, alfalfa, and clovers

189
Q

What are carbonaceous roughages?

A

Plant source that is low in created protein and high in fiber; most grasses

190
Q

What are examples of carbonaceous roughages?

A

Bermuda, Timothy, orchard grass, crop residue, etc.

191
Q

What percentage of proteins are crude proteins?

A

35-90%

192
Q

What is crude proteins?

A

A measure of the amount of protein in a feed determined as the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 6.25.

193
Q

What is glosypol?

A

A natural pesticide (neurotoxin protein concentrate)

194
Q

What are nutrient additives?

A

Addition/availability of vitamins and minerals; essential for life support

195
Q

What are non-nutrient additives?

A

Additives that alter metabolism aka not nutrients by influence metabolism/digestion

intro to animal science (6 decks)

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