exam 1 Flashcards
what is a castrated male horse?
gelding
what is an immature male horse?
colt
what is an immature female horse?
filly
what does parturition mean?
the act of giving birth
what are ovine?
sheep
what is a mature male sheep?
ram
what is a mature male horse?
stallion
what is a mature female horse?
mare
what is a mature female sheep?
ewe
what is a castrated male sheep?
wether
what is an immature male sheep?
ram lamb
what is an immature female sheep?
ewe lamb
what is a newborn sheep called?
lamb
What is the parturition process of a sheep?
lambing
what are porcine?
pigs
what is a mature male pig?
boar
what is a mature female pig?
sow
what is a castrated male pig?
barrrow
what is an immature male pig?
pig
what is an immature female pig?
gilt
what is a newborn pig called?
shout/piglet
what is the parturition process of a pig?
farrowing
what is an immature male bovine?
bull calf/bullock
What are caprine?
goats
What is a mature male goat?
billy/buck
what is a mature female goat?
nanny/doe
what is a castrated male goat?
wether
what is an immature male goat?
buckling
what is am immature female goat?
doeling
what is a newborn goat?
kid
what is the parturition process of a goat?
kidding
what is a mature male cat?
tom
What is a mature female cat?
queen
what is a castrated male cat?
gib
what is the parturition process of a cat?
queening
what is a castrated male chicken?
capon
what is an immature male chicken?
cockerel
what is an immature female chicken?
pullet
What does it mean when an animal is considered “wild?”
not domesticated
what are domestic animals?
animals used for work, food source, pet, etc; subject to selective breeding for human purposes
how many major species have been domesticated?
15
what are feral animals?
animals that have returned to living in a “wild” state or condition
how many years of domestication have modern day dogs been through?
12,000 years
how many years of domestication have horses been through?
7,000 years
can you undomestimate an animal?
no
are there wild horses in the US?
no
which domesticated species often readily becomes feral?
cats
what is a tame animal?
an animal that is relatively tolerant of human presence (wild or domesticated)
what are introduced species?
not native; believed to be beneficial to mankind (wild or domesticated)
what is an invasive species?
not native; believed to cause some sort of damage
what can make the difference between introduced and invasive?
perception of good or bad
do many civilizations exist without domestication?
no; the ones that do exist are hunters and gatherers
why do more developed civilizations typically have domesticated animals?
able to move attention from hunting and gathering in order to do things like art and trade
were plants or animals domesticated first? why?
plants; easier bc they don’t move, bite, etc.
why are there so few domesticated species?
because once a species filled a role, there was no need to for something else that would fall into the same role
what are the magnificent 7?
dog, cat, goat, sheep, cow, horses, pigs
what is the theory of intentional domestication?
people are trying to create offspring that are more friendly to humans; strict captivity, trait standardization, genetic firewall (minimize genes from wild species), intentional breeding; first they are being raised for tameness and then whatever they want to use that animal for
what is the theory of self-domestication?
when an animal is domesticated on their own by receiving some benefit from being close to humans (ex. trash: dog gets closer to humans and their trash, eats more, more likely to survive)
horses = equine, cows = bovine, mouse = ?
murine
what animals self domesticated? (out of the main 7)
dog, cat, mouse, pig
what are the ancestors of modern day sheep?
Mouflon
what animals were subject to intentional domestication? (out of main 7)
sheep, goats, cows, horses
what are the ancestors of goats?
bezoar/ ibex
horse = equine, sheep = ?
ovine
what is the only domesticated animal from africa?
donkey
why were cattle ultimately domesticated?
they became associated with wealth
what’s the ancestor for chickens?
red jungle fowl
why would you alter the age structure among herds?
eliminate problematic males because you can have one bull for a lot of heifers
what is the only domesticated native species to come from north america? (main 15)
turkeys
what does dromedary mean?
a camel with one hump
what does bactrian mean?
a camel with two humps
what are some results of domestication?
size, tameness, behavior changes, growth, appearance, etc.
what does propagate mean?
breed specimens by natural processes from the parent stock
what domesticated and wild species came out of south america?
guinea pigs
what domesticated and wild species came out of europe?
rabbits
what domesticated and wild species came out of russia/scandinavia?
caribou/ reindeer
what are nutrients?
compounds of the animals diet required for normal physiological function
what are the five nutrient requirements?
water, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals
what is prehension?
method to gather or collect nutrients to enter digestive system
what is mastication?
mechanical digestion
what is microbial digestion?
animal has symbiotic relationships with microbes that help break down food
what is eliminated from the digestive system?
material consumed that is indigestible/ non-digestible
how much of a carnivores diet is animal based?
80-90%
what kind of digestion happens in carnivores?
chemical digestion and very limited microbial digestion
what is the diet of an omnivore?
meat and highly digestible plant materials
what kind of digestion do omnivores do?
chemical digestion and some microbial digestion (species dependent)
what is the diet of an herbivore?
primarily forages, low digestible plant components (high fiber)
what kind of digestion does an herbivore do?
primarily microbial digestion with chemical digestion secondary
what are the characteristics of a monogastric digestive system?
single chambered gastric stomach
what consumer groups have monogastric digestive systems?
carnivores and omnivores
where does digestion begin?
in the mouth
what are characterizations of a ruminant digestive system?
multichambered stomach and fermentation availability
what is another name for a ruminant?
fore-gut fermentator
what are characteristics of a non-ruminant herbivore’s digestive system?
true monogastric with significant microbial fermentation abilities
what type of digestive system is found in avians?
modified monogastric
what does “modified monogastric” mean?
same organs, different order
what does pH stand for
power of Hydrogen
what is unique about the esophagus of a ruminant?
it’s a two-way system
what happens in the proximal region of the small intestine?
chemical digestion (milder than in stomach)
what happens in the distal region of the small intestine?
mostly nutrient absorption
why is there a lot of blood flow to the small intestine?
for nutrients to enter the blood stream
what does a bigger esophagus imply?
lesser mastication ability
what happens in the cecum if it is functional?
microbial digestion
what happens in the large intestine?
mostly water metabolism and some nutrient absorption
is the GI tract of a carnivore longer or shorter than that of an omnivore
shorter
what are the five nutrient requirements?
- water
- energy
- proteins
- vitamins
- minerals
what are the four chambers of a ruminant stomach in the order that food travels through?
- rumen/reticulum
- rumen/reticulum
- omasum
- abomasum
how do herbivores chew?
circularly
what is the function of the reticulum?
bolus formation and to collect indigestible material
what is hardware disease?
the heart is in front of the reticulum and ruminants can swallow things like wire, nails, etc. which can irritate the heart
what is the treatment for hardware disease?
feeding the ruminants magnets to gather the metal materials together
what takes place in the rumen?
microbial digestion/ microbial fermentation
what is the capacity of the rumen?
50 to 60 gallons
what is the omasum?
separator/strainer; sorts material between the rumen and the rest of the GI tract
what is not allowed to pass by the omasum?
big stuff that can still be masticated more
what happens in the abomasum?
chemical digestion
what cannot be digested via chemical digestion?
cellulose
what can be digested by chemical digestion?
starch and glycogen
why can pigs digest some cellulose?
they have a functioning cecum
what is the significance of volatile fatty acids to ruminants?
major end product of microbial fermentation; provide 80% at most of energy for the ruminant
what is the significance of volatile fatty acids to non-ruminant herbivores?
provide 60% at most of energy substrate
what does glycogen do?
glucose storage
what is cellulose?
glucose arrangements for structural support
what does it mean if a horse is colic?
it has an issue with the GI tract
what is caprophagy?
eating feces to get microbes; good for non-ruminant herbivores to grow their microbial population
how many hours a day do horses often eat?
20 hours
what is the rate of passage?
how long it takes food to get through the GI tract
what is the rate of passage for bovine?
80% in 70-90 hours
what is the rate of passage for equine?
85% in 35 to 50 hours
what is the crop?
pouch in the avian GI tract; located outside the body cavity; mild chemical digestion and moistening of ingested materials
what is unique about the location of the crop?
it is located outside the body cavity
what is the function of the crop?
mild chem digestion; moistens digested food
what is the proventriculus?
avian gastric stomach that does chemical digestion
what is the function of the gizzard?
mastication by smushing the food
what is grit?
small rocks that birds consume to aid mechanical digestion and for minerals
how does grit benefit mechanical digestion?
increases surface area, helps break up the food by having something hard to grind the food with
what does ceca mean?
cecum x2
what makes up 60% of an animal’s body composition?
water
what makes up 16% of an animal’s body composition?
protein
what makes up 2-20% of an animal’s body composition?
fat
what makes up 4% of an animal’s body composition?
ash (mineral)
what are nutrient classes?
substances that provide each specific nutrient
what are the nutrient classes for energy?
fats and carbohydrates
what is the nutrient class for proteins?
amino acids
what is commonly the most limiting nutrient?
energy
what is the first concern when balancing a ration?
energy
when creating and balancing a ration it is assumed that ____ is available.
water
what is starch?
carbohydrate that is the chief form of stored energy in plants
what is cellulose?
carbohydrate that is the main component of the cell walls of most plants
what is glycogen?
carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and the muscles in animals
low in fiber = ?
high in energy
glucose, fructose, and galactose are…
monosaccharides
sucrose =
glucose + fructose
lactose =
glucose + galactose
maltose =
glucose + glucose
what cannot be digested chemically?
cellulose
what do monogastrics get energy from?
simple CHO’s / glucose
where do ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores get their energy?
simple CHOs and volatile fatty acids (primary)
what has 2.25x more energy than carbohydrates?
lipids/fats
what causes loss of energy?
heat, fecal, and urine/gases
what do amino acids make up in the body?
muscles, ligaments, connective tissue, and tendons
where do ruminants get protein that monogastrics don’t?
digesting microbes
how many macrominerals are there?
7
how many microminerals are there?
11
what is calcium and what does it construct?
a macromineral; bone, teeth, nerve and muscle function
what do sodium, potassium, and chlorine maintain?
osmotic balance, nerve function, and muscle function
what is the function of iron when digested?
hemoglobin (oxygen transport)
what is the function of fat-soluble vitamins?
can be stored; have a down rate of metabolic breakdown
what is the function of vitamin A?
cell growth; can be stored in liver for up to six months
what is the function of vitamin D?
bone formation
what is vitamin K?
clotting factors
what is vitamin E?
red blood cells
what are water soluble vitamins?
can’t be stored, must be constantly replaced
what is the function of B-complex vitamins?
many different functions regarding metabolism
what is vitamin C?
antioxidant
what vitamin deficiency causes scurvy? what are symptoms?
vitamin C; swollen, bleeding, ulcerated gums, loosened teeth, weak bones, and hemorrhaging
what physical changes do an animal’s nutrient requirements change due to?
weight/size, state of production, level of production, work, and age
what environmental changes do an animal’s nutrient requirements change due to?
climate, physical activity, and diseases/parasites
what are roughages?
plant material; high in fiber = low in energy
What are the two types of roughages?
Proteinaceous and carbonaceous
What is fiber?
Cellulose and more complex cellulose
What type of animals are roughages important to? Why?
Ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores; it is critical for providing a feed substrate for microbial digestion and maintain GI tract integrity
What are proteinaceous roughages?
A plant source that is higher in protein (created protein >15% )
What is the created protein % of grasses?
7 -9%
What does constant roughages do to the GI tract?
It keeps it distended
What is the length of a sheep’s small intestine?
About 112 ft.
What is the length of a dog’s small intestine?
About 40 ft.
What are examples of proteinaceous roughages?
Legumes, alfalfa, and clovers
What are carbonaceous roughages?
Plant source that is low in created protein and high in fiber; most grasses
What are examples of carbonaceous roughages?
Bermuda, Timothy, orchard grass, crop residue, etc.
What percentage of proteins are crude proteins?
35-90%
What is crude proteins?
A measure of the amount of protein in a feed determined as the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 6.25.
What is glosypol?
A natural pesticide (neurotoxin protein concentrate)
What are nutrient additives?
Addition/availability of vitamins and minerals; essential for life support
What are non-nutrient additives?
Additives that alter metabolism aka not nutrients by influence metabolism/digestion
