exam 4

Question 1

society’s power to limit deviance by enforcing conformity to expected norms and values

Answer 1

social control

Question 2

abiding by the norms of our peers even though they have no direct authority over us

Answer 2

conformity

Question 3

doing what a person in a position of authority over you says you should

Answer 3

obediance

Question 4

the use of interpersonal cues through everyday interaction to enforce norms

Answer 4

informal social control

Question 5

the imposition of sanctions, whether positive or negative, by officially recognized authorities in order to enforce norms

Answer 5

formal social control

Question 6

what are some of the most powerful means of formal and social control available?

Answer 6

arresting, prosecuting, and convicting a person who breaks the law

Question 7

behavior that violates standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

Answer 7

deviance

Question 8

who defines what is deviant

Answer 8

the individuals and groups with the greatest status and power

Question 9

labeling individuals or members of a group as less than whole persons due to some attribute that marks them as different in the eyes of others

Answer 9

stigma

Question 10

a violation of ciminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties

Answer 10

crime

Question 11

eight types of crime reported on annually

Answer 11

index crime

Question 12

what are some of the reasons crime rates have fallen in most major categories?

Answer 12

aging population
economic changes
enhanced community-orientated policing
increased incarceration rates
new prison education programs

Question 13

questionnaires or interviews that ask representative samples of the population whether or not they have been victims of crime

Answer 13

victimization surveys

Question 14

illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by “respectable” people

Answer 14

white-collar crime

Question 15

willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

Answer 15

victimless crimes

Question 16

the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs

Answer 16

organized crime

Question 17

crime that occurs across multiple national borders

Answer 17

transnational crime

Question 18

what is durkheim’s functions of deviance?

Answer 18

no act is inherently criminal
because some form of deviance exists in all societies, it must serve a positive social function

Question 19

theory that deviance is an adaption of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both

Answer 19

merton’s strain theory of deviance

Question 20

what are the five basic forms of adaption to cultural expectations

Answer 20

conformist (conventional goals and means)
innovator (conventional goals, deviant means)
ritualist (conventional means, deviant goal)
retreatist (withdrawn from goals and means of society)
rebel (seek dramatically different social order)

Question 21

view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms

Answer 21

hirschi’s social control theory

Question 22

a school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions

Answer 22

cultural transmission (sutherland)

Question 23

a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts

Answer 23

differential association (sutherland)

Question 24

the theory that attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions

Answer 24

social disorganization theory

Question 25

the theory that physical signs in a community or neighborhood indicate a corresponding breakdown of social order within which crime and deviance are likely to thrive

Answer 25

broken windows hypothesis

Question 26

an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not

Answer 26

labeling theory

Question 27

what did richard quinney say about crime

Answer 27

crime is defined as such by legislators who may be influenced by the economic elites to advance their interests

Question 28

variations in the way social control is exercised over different groups of people

Answer 28

differential justice

Question 29

a definition of families in terms of blood, connecting people biologically, and law, connecting people through formal social recognitions

Answer 29

substantive deinition of the family

Question 30

a definition of families in terms of blood, connecting people biologically, and law, connecting people through formal social recognitions

Answer 30

substantive definition of the family

Question 31

state of being related to others; culturally learned

Answer 31

kinship

Question 32

both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important in determining kinship

Answer 32

bilateral descent

Question 33

only father's relatives are important

Answer 33

patrilineal descent

Question 34

only mother's relatives are significant

Answer 34

matrilineal descent

Question 35

a form of marriage in which two people are married only to each other

Answer 35

monogamy

Question 36

when a person has several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time

Answer 36

serial monogamy

Question 37

form of polygamy in which a man have more than one wife at the same time

Answer 37

polygyny

Question 38

form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time

Answer 38

polyandry

Question 39

a family in which relatives- such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles-live in the same or adjacent households as parents and their children

Answer 39

extended family

Question 40

married couple and their unmarried children living together

Answer 40

nuclear family

Question 41

a definition of families that focuses on how families provide for the physical, social, and emotional needs of individuals and of society as a whole; often more inclusive that substantive definition

Answer 41

functionalist definition of families

Question 42

what are the six main functions of families by ogburn

Answer 42

reproduction socialization protection regulation of sexual behavior affection and companionship provision of social status

Question 43

society in which men dominate in family decision making

Answer 43

patriarchy

Question 44

society in which women dominate in family decision making

Answer 44

matriarchy

Question 45

authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals

Answer 45

egalitarian family

Question 46

restriction of mate selection to people within same group

Answer 46

endogamy

Question 47

requires mate selection outside certain groups, usually one's own family or certain kin

Answer 47

exogamy

Question 48

social norm common to virtually all societies prohibiting sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives

Answer 48

incest taboo

Question 49

conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own

Answer 49

homogamy

Question 50

almost ___% of americans aged 25 and older are, or have been, married

Answer 50

80

Question 51

the adoption process allows for the transfer of ...

Answer 51

legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents

Question 52

placing the interests of the family first, a value known as

Answer 52

familism

Question 53

a family in which only one parent is present to care for the children

Answer 53

single-parent family

Question 54

what does sociologist susan stewart suggests about expanding our conception of stepfamilies?

Answer 54

cohabiting couples with children from previous relationships families whose stepchildren do not live with them full-time gay or lesbian couples with children from former heterosexual relationships stepfamilies with adult children

Question 55

two adults living in a committed relationship with an unmarried partner

Answer 55

cohabitation

Question 56

a social institution dedicated to the formal process of transmitting culture from teachers to students

Answer 56

education

Question 57

what are the five functions that education serves

Answer 57

culture transmission social integration soft skills and job training cultural innovation childcare

Question 58

education transmits society's norms, values, beliefs, ideas, and skills this teaches children what they need to survive, but it also reinforces the dominant ideology formal and informal curriculums are learned

Answer 58

culture transmission

Question 59

the shared culture students learn helps bind society together

Answer 59

social integration

Question 60

students learn manners, punctuality, creativity, discipline, and responsibility we also count on schools to teach the specific "hard skills" needed for specialized jobs

Answer 60

soft skills and job training

Question 61

schools can serve as a place to try new ideas, stimulate social change and to foster diversity

Answer 61

cultural innovation

Question 62

schools take responsibility for children during the school day, effectively freeing parents to participate in the labor force

Answer 62

childcare

Question 63

what are some examples of unequal resource distribution?

Answer 63

the facilities and programs available to students vary widely children of well-educated parents tend to be better prepared for schooling

Question 64

schools reproduce the existing class structure by socializing students to embrace their social class position

Answer 64

correspondence principle