exam 1 Flashcards by Jadyn Devillier

what is sociology?

the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society and of the consequences of difference

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do we mean when we say that sociology is a bi-directional pattern?

the social impacts us and we impact the social

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the sociological imagination?

(proposed by C. Wright Mills) our exploration of the interdependent relationship between who we are as individuals and the social forces that shape our lives

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

problems we face in our immediate relationships with particular individuals in our personal lives

private troubles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

problems we face as a consequence of the positions we occupy within the larger social structure

public issues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION EXAMPLE
success after college
individual level:
societal level:

individual: good study habits, connections
Societal: the current stance of the field you want to work in, the pandemic, the economy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION EXAMPLS
getting married
individual level:
societal level:

individual level: in love, wanting a family
societal level: culture, immigration law, bad or good economy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the significance of place?

our place in society affects our access to resources and opportunities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

empirical data gathered through systematic research

systematic study

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power

social inequality

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sociology’s roots come from…

history, science, and social science

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sociologists study…

the influence that society has on people’s attitudes and behavior, and seek to understand the ways in which people interact

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what did auguste comte do?

sought to establish science of society that would reveal the basic “laws of society”
social statics and social dynamics
coincide term sociology
argued that sociologists should serve in leadership roles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what did harriet martineau do?

wrote the first book on sociological theory
introduced the significance of inequality and power into the discipline
maintained that sociologists should take action

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior

theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who’s work on suicide provides a classic case of sociological theory at work?

Durkheim’s

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did Emile Durkheim do?

emphasized significance of social order and introduced concept of anomie-loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

anomie can…

increase the likelihood of loneliness, isolation, despair, and suicide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HOW DO POWER AND INEQUALITY SHAPE OUTCOMES?
karl marx…

emphasized significance of power and control over resources in capitalism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HOW DO POWER AND INEQUALITY SHAPE OUTCOMES?
max weber….

who has power is determined by social class and ownership of material resources and by social status and organizational resources

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations

macrosociology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

stresses study of small groups and the analysis of our everyday experiences and interaction

microsociology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a sociological paradigm that sees society as like a living organism in which its various parts work together for the good of the whole society and its parts are structured to provide social order and maintain stability

the functionalist perspective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a sociological paradigm that focuses on power and the allocation of valued resources in society

conflict perspective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a sociological paradigm that maintains that society is a product of our everyday encounters with others

interactionist perspective

the practice of recognizing the impact the positions we occupy have

personal sociology

ACADEMIC SOCIOLOGY what are some of the skills those who study sociology acquire?

using the sociological imagination conducting data analysis working in teams writing reports creating presentations analyzing social problems addressing diversity

use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations

applied sociology

use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions

clinical sociology

common sense claims...

are not subject to empirical testing may be incompatible with each other

applying commonsense reasoning after the fact

hindsight bias

favoring evidence that supports our existing beliefs while minimizing or ignoring contrary evidence

confirmation bias

what is the empirical questions?

a question about the social world that we ask and can answer using the scientific method

a set of logical, systematic, documented methods for investigating nature and natural processes

science

what is the first step in the research process?

defining the problem reviewing the literature

what do you do in when you define the problem?

the idea stage clarify the concepts we want to learn more about specify the nature of the relationship we suspect might exist between those concepts

most sociological research draws inspiration from...

existing sociological theories

what do you do when you review the literature?

read existing literature to see what others have written about the topic and use sources such as sociological journals, secondary sources, online sources

what is the second step in the research process?

formulating the hypothesis

measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions

variable

testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

hypothesis

relationship between variables exists such that change in one leads to change in the other

casual logic

______ in a casual relationship that causes or influences a change in a second variable

independent variable

________ in a casual relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable

dependent variable

the relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other

correlation

what is the third step in the research process?

collecting and analyzing the data

every member of an entire population has the same chance of being selected

random sample

degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study

validity

extent to which a measure produces consistent results

reliability

what is the fourth step of the research process?

developing the conclusion controlling for other factors

factor held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable

control variable

what is the fifth step of the research process?

disseminating research

what is disseminating research?

sociologists share their findings so others can learn from them and spot errors

detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically

research desings

what are some types of research desing?

surveys observation experiments existing sources

collects and reports data primarily in numerical form (statistics)

quantitative research

relies on what is seen in the field of naturalistic settings more than on statistical data

qualitative research

a predefined series of questions designed to collect information about people's particular attributes, beliefs, and actions

survey

what are some types of surveys?

interview questionaire

research technique in which an investigator collects information through direct participation and/or by closely watching a group or community

observational research

study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation

ethnography

sociologists joins the group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates

participant observation

artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables

experiments

subjects in an experiment who are exposed to an independent variable introduced by research

experimental group

subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to independent variable by researchers

control group

unintended influence observers of experiments can have on their subjects

hawthorne effect

a variety of research techniques that make use of existing data for purpose of new analysis

secondary analysis

systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale

content analysis

when that certain type of study doesn't influence how people respond

nonreactive

the standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession

code of ethics

organizations whose purpose it is to make sure that research follows ethical guidelines

institutional review boards

all studies must have??

IRB approval

funding sources...

must be disclosed and should not taint objectivity

max weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data

value neutrality