exam 3

Question 1

the concept that our likelihood for success is shaped by our access to valued material, social, and cultural resources

Answer 1

life chances

Question 2

structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society

Answer 2

stratification

Question 3

a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by others as property

Answer 3

slavery

Question 4

system where boundaries between strata are clear, relations between them are regulated, and social status is ascribed

Answer 4

caste

Question 5

power divided between the church, the nobility, and the commoners

Answer 5

estate system

Question 6

system where ranking is based primarily on economic position

Answer 6

social class

Question 7

movement of individuals or groups within or between a society’s strata

Answer 7

social mobility

Question 8

a system of stratification that does allow for social mobility between strata

Answer 8

open system

Question 9

a system of stratification that does not allow for social mobility between strata

Answer 9

closed system

Question 10

movement from one social position to another of the same rank

Answer 10

horizontal mobility

Question 11

movement from one social position to another of a different rank

Answer 11

vertical mobility

Question 12

changes in social position of children relative to their parents

Answer 12

intergenerational mobility

Question 13

changes in social position within a person’s adult life

Answer 13

intragenerational mobility

Question 14

economic assets that we own or control

Answer 14

material resources

Question 15

prestige based upon the position we occupy and connections based on social networks

Answer 15

social resources

Question 16

our tastes, language, and way of looking at the world

Answer 16

cultural resources

Question 17

money received over some period of time

Answer 17

income

Question 18

total of a person’s material assets, including savings, land, stocks, and other types of property, minus his or her debts at a single point in time

Answer 18

wealth

Question 19

what is the five-class model used to describe US class system?

Answer 19

upper class
upper-middle class
middle class
working class
lower class

Question 20

families that have amassed wealth and privilege and often have substantial prestige as well

Answer 20

upper class

Question 21

families whose connection to the economy provides them with a secure, comfortable income and allows them to live well above the subsistence level

Answer 21

middle class

Question 22

families whose income can reliably provide for only the minimum needs of what other people see as a decent life

Answer 22

working class

Question 23

families whose connection to the economy is so tenuous that they cannot reliably provide for a decent life

Answer 23

lower class

Question 24

minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below

Answer 24

absolute poverty

Question 25

floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole

Answer 25

relative poverty

Question 26

a society where one's social status is earned

Answer 26

meritocracy

Question 27

a society where social status is ascribed and membership in the privileged ranks is inherited

Answer 27

aristocracy

Question 28

what are the two main classes in a capitalist society?

Answer 28

bourgeoisie proletariat

Question 29

capitalist class; comprising owners of the means of production

Answer 29

bourgeoisie

Question 30

working class; those who lack ownership of the means of production

Answer 30

proletariat

Question 31

group of people who have similar level of wealth and income

Answer 31

class

Question 32

people who have the same perceived level of prestige

Answer 32

status group

Question 33

the respect and admiration that a particular status holds in society

Answer 33

prestige

Question 34

measure of social class position based on education, occupation, and income

Answer 34

socioeconomic status

Question 35

capacity to organize to accomplish some particular goal

Answer 35

party

Question 36

our tastes, knowledge language, and ways of thinking that we exchange in interaction with others

Answer 36

cultural capital

Question 37

what did pierre bourdieu say about cultural resources?

Answer 37

because some culture is more highly valued than other culture, it represents a form of power

Question 38

the outward display of a person's gender

Answer 38

gender expression

Question 39

the set of personal characteristics that society defines as being typical of men

Answer 39

masculinity

Question 40

idea that expressions of manliness can take varieties of forms beyond the culturally dominant, stereotypical construct of what it means to be a man

Answer 40

multiple masculinities

Question 41

the fundamental set of positions that organize society as a whole

Answer 41

social structure

Question 42

a social order based on the domination of women by men

Answer 42

patriarchy

Question 43

the belief in social, economic, and political equality for women

Answer 43

feminism

Question 44

describe the first wave of feminism

Answer 44

in 1920 the 19th amendment to the us constitution granted women the right to vote in national elections

Question 45

describe the second wave of feminism

Answer 45

in 1960s and came into full force in the 1970s elevate awareness that women shared 'the problem that has no name'

Question 46

describe the third wave of feminism

Answer 46

in the early 1990s a new style of feminism ventured into the cultural sphere to embrace a multiplicity of voices, expressions, and experiences

Question 47

because our social positions shape our perceptions, a more complete understanding of social relations must incorporate the perspectives of marginalized voices

Answer 47

standpoint theory

Question 48

gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, and class must not be studied in isolation, because they have intermingled effects on our identity, knowledge, and outcomes

Answer 48

intersectionality

Question 49

an expression of who we are in ways similar to how gender, race, ethnicity, and class shape us

Answer 49

sexual identity

Question 50

what we do (or do not do), with whom, and how often

Answer 50

sexual practices

Question 51

categories of people to whom we are sexually attracted

Answer 51

sexual orientation

Question 52

those who are sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex

Answer 52

heterosexual

Question 53

those who are attracted to members of the same sex

Answer 53

homosexual

Question 54

those who are attracted to both men and women

Answer 54

bisexual

Question 55

term that incorporates the multiplicity of possible sexual orientations, gender identities, and gender expression

Answer 55

queer

Question 56

the cultural presupposition that heterosexuality is the appropriate standard for sexual identity and practice and that alternative sexualities are deviant, abnormal, or wrong

Answer 56

heteronormativity

Question 57

what did the kinsey reports do?

Answer 57

challenged either-or ideas of sexual orientation sexual orientation is not composed of mutually exclusive categories but a continuum cannot be measured in terms of sexual activity alone

Question 58

the person in the family who bears responsibility for the completion of tasks, focuses on distant goals, and manages the external relationship between ones family and other social institutions

Answer 58

instrumental leader

Question 59

the person in the family who bears responsibility for maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs

Answer 59

expressive leader

Question 60

the ideology that one sex is superior to the other

Answer 60

sexism

Question 61

an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity

Answer 61

glass ceiling

Question 62

the double burden of working outside the home followed by childcare and housework

Answer 62

second shift

Question 63

belief in social, economic, and political equality for women

Answer 63

feminism

Question 64

what did the human genome project find?

Answer 64

99.9% of human genetic sequences are identical

Question 65

presumed biological differences between humans to which people attach meaning resulting in the creation of supposed genetically distinct subgroups within the population

Answer 65

race

Question 66

presumed cultural differences between humans to which people attach meaning resulting in the creation of supposed socially distinct subgroups within the population

Answer 66

ethnicity

Question 67

the principle that, if a person had even on Black African ancestor, no matter how many generations back, the person was labeled as Black- even if he or she appeared to be white

Answer 67

one-drop rule

Question 68

when people whose genetic ancestry and family history convey membership in one racial category but who are perceived to belong to another race in the eyes of others

Answer 68

passing

Question 69

the theory that interaction with people unlike ourselves decreases negative attitudes we may have about them

Answer 69

contact hypothesis

Question 70

positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

Answer 70

affirmative action

Question 71

a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed

Answer 71

racial formation

Question 72

a preconceived and unjustified judgement of individuals based on their group membership

Answer 72

prejudice

Question 73

an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group

Answer 73

stereotype

Question 74

the automatic and unconscious association of value with particular groups, subgroups, or characteristics of people

Answer 74

implicit bias

Question 74

the automatic and unconscious association of value with particular groups, subgroups, or characteristics of people

Answer 74

implicit bias

Question 75

the combination of cultural beliefs regarding inherent racial superiority and inferiority with normative practices of advantage or disadvantage which get built into a structure that reproduces patterns or unequal outcomes

Answer 75

racism

Question 76

when race-neutral principles perpetuate a racially unequal status quo

Answer 76

color-blind racism

Question 77

the practice of denying equal access to opportunities and resources on the basis of group membership rather than merits or rights

Answer 77

discrimination

Question 78

any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior

Answer 78

racial profiling

Question 79

the systematic denial of rights and opportunities to marginalized grops as part of society's normal operations

Answer 79

institutional discrimination

Question 80

positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

Answer 80

affirmative action

Question 81

a subordinate group whose members, even if they represent a numeric majority, lack access to, and control over, valued resources

Answer 81

minority group

Question 82

systematic killing of an entire people or nation

Answer 82

genocide

Question 83

systematic removal of a group of people from society

Answer 83

expulsion

Question 84

physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events

Answer 84

segregation

Question 85

a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture

Answer 85

assimilation

Question 86

a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group

Answer 86

amalgamation

Question 87

mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice

Answer 87

pluralism

Question 88

a form of racism directed at jewish people, has resulted in horrific acts of persecution and discrimination

Answer 88

antisemitism