Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio final exam > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Clonal selection implies that

A

B. antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Resting potential is due to ion movements through which two of the following?

A

C. 1 and 5 (1. Na+/K+ pumps. 5. Na+ and K+ leak channels).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the?

A

cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A key part of the humoral immune response is…

A

D. the production of antibodies by plasma cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A

C. Motor neurons transmit information about external stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In a typical motor neuron, what is the correct sequence in which these structures usually become involved in transmitting an electrical current?

A

A. 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 (Dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, and synaptic terminals).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

Receives the neurotransmitter AFTER it has crossed the synapse and may experience an action potential if the neurotransmitter is strong enough.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

A neuron (nerve cell) that fires a neurotransmitter BEFORE the neurotransmitter crosses the synapse as a result of an action potential entering its axon terminal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secondary immune responses upon a SECOND exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of…

A

Memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The function of antibodies is to…

A

D. Mark pathogenic cells for destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which part of an antibody molecule includes the antigen-binding site?

A

Variable Regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In an adaptive immune response in a vertebrate animal, when the host is exposed to the same pathogen for the second time, which of the following events will take place?

A

E. All of the above:

  • Memory T cells produce memory B cells.
  • Memory T cells produce memory cytotoxic cells.
  • Active cytotoxic T cells defend against intracellular pathogens.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which gradient(s) is/are directly responsible for producing membrane potential?

A

B. 1 and 4 (concentration gradient and electrical gradient).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which of the following stimuli is/are transmitted by sensory neurons?

A

E. All of the above (light, touch, smell, etc. [think of the five senses]).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from…

A

D. Injection of antibodies to the toxin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following EXCEPT…

A

Natural Killer Cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which combination of axon features should lead an axon to communicate with downstream cells most slowly? An axon that is (1. long.) (2. short.) (3. wide.) (4. thin.) (5. myelinated.) (6. [unmyelinated].)

A

1, 4, and 6 (an axon that is long, thin, and unmyelinated).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q 
The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to
A) antibodies.
B) antigens.
C) natural killer cells.
D) double-stranded RNA.
E) immunoglobulins
A

Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The stages of an action potential in voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in a neuron’s plasma membrane are (1) resting state, (2) rising phase of the action potential, (3) depolarization, (4) falling phase of the action potential, and (5) undershoot. Which of the following lists the stages in the correct order?

A

1, 3, 2, 4, 5 (resting state, depolarization, rising phase of the action potential, falling phase of the action potential, and undershoot).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is observed in

A

B. Thick, myelinated neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What occurs in a local inflammatory response in vertebrate animals?

A

A) At the injury site, mast cells release histamines
B) Capillaries in the injured site dilate
C) Capillaries widen and become more permeable
D) Neutrophils digest pathogens and cell debris
*E) All of the above^^

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

A

E. Short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

A

Lysozyme

24
Q

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the…

A

Synapse

25
Q

Antigens are…

A

foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

26
Q

An epitope* is…

*a.k.a., antigenic determinant

A

the part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor (essentially, the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself).

27
Q

Action potentials move along axons…

A

More rapidly in myelinated than in [unmyelinated]/nonmyelinated axons.

28
Q

The “threshold” potential of a membrane is the

A

minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

29
Q

A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to

A

prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential.

30
Q

After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by

A

E. The opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels.

31
Q

A simple nervous system

A

A. includes sensory information, an integrating center, and effectors.

32
Q

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron’s cytoplasm would result in the

A

E. Hyperpolarization of the neuron.

33
Q

Two fundamental principles that characterize gated ion channels in the neuronal membrane are that the channels….

A

D. Open and close depending on stimuli and are specific as to which ion can move across them.

34
Q

Somatic motor neurons are used to transmit motor signals to muscles. For example, a somatic motor neuron carries a signal from your spinal cord to your biceps brachii so that you can flex your arm at the elbow. In this example, what is the correct sequence of neuronal structures that this signal would travel through in the motor neuron?

A

C. Dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, synaptic terminals, [and] biceps brachii.

35
Q

The stages of an action potential in voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in a neuron’s plasma membrane are (1) resting state, (2) rising phase of the action potential, (3) depolarization, (4) phase of the action potential, and (5) undershoot. Which of the following lists the stages in the correct order?

A

C. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5

36
Q

Which of the following functions depend(s) on acetylcholine in the nervous system?

A

D. All of the above (muscle stimulation, muscle formation, and learning).

37
Q

Which combination of axon features should lead an axon to communicate with downstream cells most slowly? An axon that is:

  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Wide
  4. Thin
  5. Myelinated
  6. Nonmyelinated (unmyelinated)
A

1,4,6

38
Q

Innate immunity
A) is activated immediately upon infection.
B) depends on a newly infected animal’s previous exposure to the same pathogen.*
C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens.*
D) is found only in vertebrate animals.*
E) utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells.*
*These are characteristics of ADAPTIVE immunity!!

A

is activated immediately upon infection

39
Q

Self-propagation and refractory periods are typical of…

A

A) Action potentials

40
Q

In vertebrate animals, adaptive immunity is directly provided by the actions of

A

lymphocytes

41
Q

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the

A

synapse

42
Q

In vertebrate animals, innate defense against virus-infected cells and cancer cells is due to which cells?

A

natural killer cells

43
Q

Saltatory conduction is a term applied to

A

C. jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next in a myelinated neuron.

44
Q

Opening all of the sodium channels, with all other ion channels closed — which is an admittedly artificial setting — on an otherwise typical neuron should move its membrane potential to

A

+62 mV

45
Q

The function of antibodies is to

A

mark pathogenic cells for destruction

46
Q

Inflammatory responses typically include
A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection.
B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.
C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma.
D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area.
E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow.

A

B) Increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.

47
Q

The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to

A

C) Rearrangements of randomly selected V and J fragments.

48
Q

adaptive immunity depends on

A

pathogen-specific recognition

49
Q

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

A

Antigen

50
Q

The primary function of humoral immunity is

A

to protect the body against extracellular pathogens.

51
Q

Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

A

toll like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides like peptidoglycan

52
Q

innate immunity

A

is activated immediately upon infection

53
Q

antibodies are made up of

A

two heavy chains and two light chains

54
Q

the cell mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

A

cytotoxic T cells

55
Q

The Russian nerve poison Novichok affects the neurotransmitter

A

acetylchloride

56
Q

Two fundamental principles that characterize gated ion channels in the neuronal membrane are that the channels

A

open and close depending on stimuli

57
Q

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a potent neurotoxin that results in death from respiratory failure within 10 to 30 minutes. When a neuron is incubated with TEA, researchers observed that action potentials could be generated, but the membrane potential remained positive and never returned to the resting membrane potential. What channel is TEA likely acting on?

A

voltage gated potassium channels

bio final exam (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions