exam “4” Flashcards
DNA is held together through what force
hydrogen bonding
which feature is common to soaps, detergents, and phospholipids?
their function depends on the dual polarity of their molecules
polar & nonpolar end
Degree of polymerization (n) =
molecular weight of polymer / molecular weight of the monomer
alkane
single bond
alkene
double bond
alkyne
triple bond
naming organic molecules:
parent (# of carbons) + suffix (type of molecule)
orgo prefixes:
- meth
- eth
- prop
- but
- pent
- hex
valence bond theory
how we explain the shapes of molecules based on the interaction of atomic orbitals
- covalent bond forms when orbitals overlap (e- pair is in the overlap)
the more overlap….
the stronger the bond
orbitals must have…
opposing spins and two electrons
benzene
specific cyclic alkene: 3 double bonds
anything bonded to an OH is an
alcohol
microwaves ____ molecules
rotate
IR _____ bonds
vibrate
UV ______ bonds
break
hierarchy of forces
ion-dipole H-bond dipole-dipole ion-induced dipole dipole-induced dipole london dispersion
energy of attraction
(charge 1 x charge 2) divided by internuclear distance
polarizability follows the trend of…
atomic radius: the smaller particles are less polarizable (harder to break apart)
when finding highest boiling point
- look for H bonding
- avoid shortest chain length
- avoid branched molecules
salts dissolve in
water
salts WONT dissolve in
hexane
hydrophilic
polar head: interacts with H20
hyrdrophobic
non-polar tail: salt interactions
gas to liquid
condensation
vaporization
liquid to gas
gas to solid
deposition
sublimation
solid to gas
solid to liquid
melting/ fusion
freezing
liquid to solid
transition from a less ordered phase is a _____ reaction
exothermic
specific heat capacity
joules/ grams x kelvin
molar heat capacity
joules / mol
potential energy
energy of attraction (covalent bonds and intermolecular forces)
hybridization
the process of orbitals mixing
the greater the overlap
the stronger the bond
& the closer the nucleus is to the electrons
orbital for linear shape:
2 sp
2 p remaining
orbital for trigonal planar shape:
3 sp2
1 p remainder
orbital for tetrahedral
4 sp3
no remainder
sigma bonds
end to end overlap
football shaped
allows free rotation
SINGLE BONDS
pi bonds
side to side overlapping
restricts rotation
double bonds have 1
triple bonds have 2
sigma bonds are ____ than pi bonds
stronger
condensation polymers must have _____ functional groups
two
addition polymer
aka chain polymer
homomonomer
one type of monomer
copolymer
two of more types of monomers
closed systems have…
equilibrium and changes are reversible
phase changes have a….
CONSTANT TEMP
higher applied pressure = boiling point
higher
ion dipole
when ion and polar molecule attract
dipole dipole
the attractive forces between a positive pole of one molecule and the negative pole of another
higher dipole dipole = high boiling point
hydrogen bonds
stronger than dipole dipole
H bonded to N,O or F
solubility
max amount of dissolved in a fixed quantity at a given temp
solvent
solution in which substances are dissolved
what is being dissolved
solute
like dissolved like
substances with similar intermolecular forces dissolve eachother
ion induced dipole is ______ than dipole induced dipole
stronger
oil dissolves in
hexane
like dissolves like
the ability to replace the current present forces
properties of soap
polar/ionic head
non polar tail
concentration
the proportion of a substance in a mixture
molality
of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent
