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Anatomy & Physiology I > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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2
Q

(T or F) All cranial nerves have mixed functions

A

False! Not all cranial nerves are mixed!

ex: Optic nerve = completely sensory (sight)

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3
Q

Bells palsy is….

A

Injury to facial nerve ( cranial nerve VII)

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4
Q

A patient comes in who can’t taste, salivate, blink nor smile on her left side. You diagnosed her with_____

A

Bells Palsy

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5
Q

On a PET Scan warm colors (red, orange, yellow) shows_______ brain activity. Meaning there’s an active _____ metabolism

A

Normal/ glucose

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6
Q

On a PET scan a brain scanned with cool colors (blue, purple) shows a _______. In what disease is this seen?

A

Loss of function/ Alzheimers

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7
Q

A violent jarring or shaking that results in a disturbance of brain function is considered a _______

A

Concussion

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8
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Cranial bones, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier, and Meninges

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9
Q

The four principal parts of the brain are

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem

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10
Q

A group of neurons that runs through the brain stem is called______

A

Reticular formation

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11
Q

What maintains consciousness and controls arousal levels?

A

Reticular formation

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12
Q

The three parts of the brain stem are…..

A

Medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

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13
Q

A person who has a stroke on their right brain loses control of the left side of their body due to the ____ of nerves

A

Decussation: Crossing to opposite side

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14
Q

Decussation means

A

Crossing to opposite sides

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15
Q

Pyramids are found in the ______ and are ______ tracks

A

medulla/ sensory tracks

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16
Q

Your heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rhythms are regulated thanks to the _____ in the ______

A

Vital reflex centers, medulla

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17
Q

Coughs, sneezes, vomiting, gagging and swallowing are due to the _______ center in _______

A

Nonvital reflex/ medulla

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18
Q

Pons are bridges for what? What do they do? What are the origins of?

A

Sensory/motor neurons
relay information to/from cerebellum & accessory respiratory centers
origins for cranial nerves

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19
Q

What two areas are within the accessory respiratory centers?

A

Pheumotaxic area & Apheustic area

new-mo-taxic) (afro-istic

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20
Q

The pheumotaxic area & apheustic area modify _____. And are found in the ____ centers in the ______

A

Respiratory function/accessory respiratory center/pons

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21
Q

Cerebral peduncles are located in ______ and have _____

A

Midbrain/ sensory &motor tracts

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22
Q

The substantia nigra & red nucleus are located in the ____ and are responsible for _____.

A

Midbrain

involuntary skeletal muscle movement

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23
Q

The corpa quadrigemina (tectum) is found in the _____ part of the ____. And has 4 round twin bodies responsible for _____.

A

Posterior/midbrain/involuntary movement of head

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24
Q

The top bodies of the corpora quadrigemina (qua-dre-gem-ina) (tectum) are called _____. The bottom bodies of this are called ______. How do they differ?

A

Top:
superior colliculi
Moves head in response to visuals

Bottom:
Inferior colliculi
Moves head in response to audio

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25
Q

What parts of the midbrain are most likely damage in a person with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Substantia nigra & red nucleus

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26
Q

When you see something out of the corner of your eye while driving what part of the brain makes you turn to look?

A

Superior colliculi

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27
Q

(T or F) The midbrain actions are all voluntary

A

False! They’re involuntary

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28
Q

Cerebellum helps with….

A

Coordination, balance & posture

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29
Q

Ataxia is damage to ___. That leads to ____.

A

Cerebellum/unbalance

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30
Q

What substance affects the cerebellum?

A

Alchohol

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31
Q

Without _____ the cerebellum won’t work

A

Information

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32
Q

The input locations to the cerebellum are…..

A

Eyes joints, muscle positions, inner ear

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33
Q

Proprioceptors determine what

A

joint and muscle positions

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34
Q

The ____ canal has ____. its located in the _____ and sends information to the cerebellum about balance

A

Semicircular/ fluid/ inner ear

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35
Q

Information to and from cerebellum goes through ______

A

pons

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36
Q

The diencephalon consists of what 2 parts?

A

Thalamus & hypothalamus

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37
Q

The function of the thalamus is to _____

A

Relay sensory information to cerebral cortex

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38
Q

(T or F) Hypothalamus is located below thalamus

A

True!

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39
Q

The hypothalamus regulates what?

A

Hormones, body temperature, eating (hungry/full), drinking (thirst, quenched) and automatic nervous system

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40
Q

What determines our individualism, intelligence, personality, thoughts etc.

A

Cerebrum ( whole brain)

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41
Q

The cerebrum is divided into 2 parts called ___ & ____.

A

Left hemisphere & right hemisphere

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42
Q

The ___ & ____ part of the cerebrum represents folding

A 
Gyrus = bumps
Sulcus = impressions
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43
Q

List the 5 lobes of the brain. Which are visible/ not?

A

Can see:

  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital

Cant see:
5. Insula

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44
Q

Where is insula located?

A

Under/behind frontal & temporal lobe

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45
Q

The left & right hemisphere differ how>

A 
Left= Analytical & language 
Right= Imaginative
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46
Q

How does one measure brain waves?

A

EEG- Electroencephalogram scans

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47
Q

What are the 4 types of brain waves & what do they represent?

A
  1. Alpha = awake/rest
  2. Beta = awake/ active
  3. Theta= stress/disorders
  4. Delta = sleep
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48
Q

The 3 general parts of the cerebrum are …..

A

Outer gray, middle white, & inner gray

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49
Q

The inner gray has 2 part ___ & ____

A

Limbic system and basal nuclei

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50
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A
  • Responsible for emotions & moods, fear, anxiety, anger, jealousy, pleasure, affection, happiness, etc.
  • Storage & retrieval of emotional memories
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51
Q

What are the 2 major parts of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus & Amygdala

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52
Q

What is known as “ your emotional brain”

A

Limbic system

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53
Q

What disorder is linked directly to the limbic system?

A

PTSD

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54
Q

(T or F) The basal nuclei is located below cortex and surface

A

True!

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55
Q

Functions of the basal nuclei are…..

A
  1. Coordinates large automatic muscle movement

2. Regulates muscle tone

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56
Q

When you want to swing a baseball bat what coordinates that initiation of movement?

A

Basal nuclei

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57
Q

What is the neurotransmitter to the basal nuclei & substantia nigra

A

Dopamine

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58
Q

For normal movement you need ___ connecting to ____

A

Dopamine/ neurons

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59
Q

Lack of dopamine affects ___ and is linked to ___ disease

A

Movement/ Parkinson’s

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60
Q

What color is something that is myelinated?

A

White

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61
Q

What is the middle white cerebrum made of?

A

Cerebral fibers

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62
Q

What makes up the cerebral fibers?

A

Myolinated axons

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63
Q

The 3 sections of the cerebral fibers that help for communication are… Where are they each located?

A
  1. Commissural fibers:
    - Links communications between the 2 hemispheres
    - Cross mid line
  2. Association fibers:
    - Links communication on same side of hemisphere
    - On left and right hemisphere
  3. Projection fibers:
    - Links superior & inferior communications on one hemisphere
    - On left and right hemisphere
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64
Q

If the left and right brain interact what part of the cerebral fibers are involved?

A

Commissural fibers

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65
Q

If the superior and inferior brain interact what part of the cerebral fibers are involved?

A

Projection fibers

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66
Q

If the same side of the brain interact what part of the cerebral fibers are involved?

A

Association fibers

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67
Q

What is the the “ white bridge” in the middle of the cerebral fibers called?

A

Corpus callosum

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68
Q

The outer grey of cerebrum is also called _____

A

Cerebral cortex

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69
Q

The highest part of the nervous system is the ______

A

Cerebral cortex/ outer gray

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70
Q

The highest functions of the human brain are located _____

A

Cerebral cortex

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71
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided into 3 parts functionally which are ___, ___, & ____

A

Sensory
Motor
Association

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72
Q

Central sulcus is located where? Describe it.

A

Des- Groove

Loc- In superior superficial part of the cerebrum that extends from L to R temporal sides of head

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73
Q

List the 3 function categorizations of the cerebral cortex, their functions and locations

A
  1. Sensory Areas/cortex:
    Loc- posterior to central sulcus
    Fun- Conscious sensations ( general =pain, special = sight, hear, smell)
  2. Motor areas/ cortex:
    Loc- Anterior to central sulcus
    Fun- Conscious control of skeletal muscles
  3. Association areas/ cortex:
    Loc- Though-out all lobes
    Fun- Read input data & coordinate motor response
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74
Q

Sensory areas of the cortex include which 6 parts? What senses do they each involve?

A
  1. Primary sensory cortex = pain
  2. Primary motor cortex = movement/ speech
  3. Primary visual cortex = sight
  4. Primary auditory cortex = hearing
  5. Primary gustatory cortex = taste
  6. Primary olfactory cortex = smell
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75
Q

The Broca area of the motor areas of the cortex does what?

A

Translates thoughts into speech

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76
Q

Next to the the primary sensory cortex is the ____ area, that holds memory of

A

Sensory association area/ pain memory

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77
Q

Next to the visual cortex is the ___ area, thats holds memory of _____.

A

Visual association are/ sight

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78
Q

Next to the primary motor cortex is the ____ area, that holds memory of ____.

A

premotor area/ movement memory

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79
Q

What are of the brain helps you learn to play the piano by memory?

A

Primary motor cortex

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80
Q

What area of the brain ( that people rarely use these days ) that helps one think before they speak?

A

Broca area/ speech center

81
Q

Broca’s aphasia is ____. And occurs when _____ is damaged

A

Prevents a person to speak/ Broca’s arch is damaged

82
Q

Typically Broca’s area is located in the _____ hemisphere

A

Left

83
Q

General interpretive area aka ______. Allows for _____.

A

Wernicke area/ interpretations of meanings of words

84
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is a condition where one ____ & is due to damage of ____

A

Losses their ability to understand language/ wernickes area is damaged

85
Q

The prefrontal cortex controls ____. and is located on ______

A

Judgement, reasoning, personality, intellect, complex learning/ both hemispheres

86
Q

Parts of the ____ area are cut during a lobotomy

A

Prefrontal cortex

87
Q

Stroke is ____ due to _____

A

Damage ( death) of cerebral cortex/ due to blood clot

88
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

Skin, muscle, bone, meninges, fat, fluids & the blood-spinal cord barrier or BSCB

89
Q

What is meninges, where is it located?

A

Connective tissues, layers around spinal cord

90
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges, & their locations?

A
  1. Pia mater = inner most ( closest to axon)
  2. Arachnoid mater= middle
  3. Dura mater = outer most
91
Q

Where is fat and fluids located around spinal cord

A

Spaces between meninges

92
Q

What is found I the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

93
Q

What is found in the subdural space?

A

Interstitial fluid

94
Q

What is found in the epidural space?

A

Fat

95
Q

Meningitis is….

A

Infections of meninges

96
Q

An epidural is…..

A

Injection of anesthetic into epidural space

97
Q

Spinal tap is…..

A

Removal of CSF from the subarachnoid space to be sent for testing

98
Q

Another word for spinal tap is….

A

Lumbar puncture

99
Q

The blood-spinal cord barrier is ____ and in it filter what comes in & out of it

A

Semipermeable

100
Q

The blood- spinal cord barrier is surrounded by layers of ______

A

Astrocytes

101
Q

What are the 2 ways to look at the spinal cord?

A

Longitudinally and cross sectionally

102
Q

The spinal cord starts at the ____ and ends near the _____

A

starts- Foramen magnum ( hole in skull)

end- conus medullar is ( L1/ L2)

103
Q

What is also know as a “ horse tail” ?

A

Cauda equina

104
Q

In spinal nerves are ____ & ___ neurons..

A

Sensory neurons & motor neurons

105
Q

_____ always go through back of the vertebra. Where as ____ go through the front.

A

Sensory neurons/ motor neurons

106
Q

(?) Dorsal roots are found connecting the ____ to the skeleton

A

Vertebra

107
Q

On a dorsal root is a nub/ball called the ____ that contains ____ of the sensory neurons

A

Ganglion/ cell bodies

108
Q

Varcella- zoster virus causes____ initially which eventually leads to _____.

A

Chicken pox/ shingles

109
Q

Ventral/ anterior roots are located in ____ of the ventral body. And have no ___ because the cell bodies of ____ neurons are located _____.

A

Anterior/ Ganglions/ Motor/ Ventral body

110
Q

The gray area of ventral bodies are where ____ between neurons occurs

A

Synapses

111
Q

The ____ of the spinal cord is the gray area

A

Horns

112
Q

The ____ of the vertebral body looks like a butterfly

A

Gray area/horn

113
Q

What re the parts of the gray area?

A
  1. Posterior ( dorsal ) gray horn
  2. Lateral gray horn
  3. Anterior ( ventral ) gray horn
114
Q

Polio causes ___ to be destroyed causing paralysis

A

Anterior gray horn

115
Q

If lower spinal cord is affected by polio _____ occurs

A

respiratory neurons are blocked hence you become unable to breath alone

116
Q

Columns of spinal cord refer to ____ colored areas. Horns of spinal cord refer to _____ colored areas.

A 
Columns= white 
Horns= gray
117
Q

Why is the gray area gray and the white area white?

A 
Gray = no myelin
White = myelinated
118
Q

What are the functions of gray/horns vs white/columns in vertebrae

A

Gray/horns-
connections between neurons/ releases neurotransmitters
White/columns-
Racing information

119
Q

What is found on white columns that helps race information?

A

Spinal tracts

120
Q

Name parts of the white area:

A

2 lateral white columns:
dorsal white column
ventral white column

121
Q

Anterior & posterior median sulcus are identified as _____

A

Grooves

122
Q

Commissures are essentially ____. Theres ____ & _____ commissures

A

Bridges/ grey & white

123
Q

Central canal is filled with _____

A

Cerebral spinal fluid ( CSF)

124
Q

What divides the spinal nerves with spinal roots?

A

Intervertebral foramen

125
Q

Dorsal roots hold____

A

Sensory neurons

126
Q

Ventral roots hold

A

Motor neurons

127
Q

Spinal nerves are located in what nervous system?

A

In peripheral nervous system ( where hols are) PNS

128
Q

Spinal roots are located in ____

A

Central nervous system

129
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 Pairs

62 total nerves

130
Q

List the 5 spinal nerves and # of pairs in each

A
  1. Cervical nerves = 8 pairs
  2. Thoracic nerves = 12 pairs
  3. Lumbar nerves = 5 pairs
  4. sacral nerves = 5 pairs
  5. coccygeal nerves = 1 pair
131
Q

Between the thoracic nerves and lumbar nerves is the ___ which is in the ____

A

Conus medullaris/ cord end

132
Q

Cause equine is _____ located ____

A

Decent of nerve tissue/ roots of spinal nerves

-last 11 cervical vertebra

133
Q

Spinal nerves are surrounded by _____
Fascicles are nerves are surrounded by _____
Axons nerves are surrounded by _____

A

Spinal- epineurium
Fascicle - perineurium
Axon - endoneurium

134
Q

Branches that extend from spinal nerves are called_____. And are _____

A

Rami/ Nerves

135
Q

Which spinal nerves have communicate ramus?

A

Spinal nerves T1- L2

136
Q

The dorsal vs ventral ramus

A

Dorsal
-Innervates skin & muscle nerves of posterior trunk

Ventral
-innervates skin& muscle nerves at arms, legs, & lateral/ interior trunk

137
Q

What forms the nerve plexi?

A

Ventral ramus

138
Q

Axons of numerous ventral ramuses forming nerves that innervates parts of the body are_____

A

Nerve plexi

139
Q

No plexuses are located in the ___ area of the spine

A

Thoracic

140
Q

What ventricle rami form the cervical plexus? Where are they located ?

A

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 (neck)

141
Q

What ventricle rami form the lumbar plexus? What do they innervate?

A

L1, L2,L3,L4,L5,

Innervates–> hip & Pelvis

142
Q

Rami communicantes/ communicante ramus functions are ….

A
  • helps direct ANS ( sympathetic) ( fight/flight response neurons
  • Reaches internal organs- breath faster/slower etc
143
Q

ANS sympathetic is the ___ response

A

fight-or-flight

144
Q

Fight or flight neurons originate in which spinal nerves?

A

T1- L2

145
Q

Spinal cord has 2 major functions ___ & ____

A

Connect to brain & refluxes

146
Q

Spinal cord communicates with the brain via____. Which are located in ____ of the vertebral disc

A

Spinal tracts/ white columns

147
Q

Ascending neurons to the brain are ___ neurons. Where as descending neurons from the brain are ___ neurons.

A

Ascending–> sensory

Descending –> motor

148
Q

Major ascending ( sensory) tracts include ____,_____,&____

A

Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic
Posterior spinothalamic

149
Q

Major descending ( motor) tracts include 2 parts

A

Anterior corticospinal

Lateral corticospinal

150
Q

Fast predictable automatic response to changes in the env is called

A

Reflexes

151
Q

The purpose of reflexes is

A

Protection

152
Q

The 5 steps to reflexes are

A
  1. Stimulation
  2. Sensory neurons are activated
  3. CNS processes info
  4. Motor neuron activated
  5. Response by effector
153
Q

Major functions of the nervous system are

A
  1. Collect sensory info
  2. Analyze it
  3. Directs appropriate motor responses to effectors ( ex. muscles and glands)
154
Q

What does the nervous system the best at compared to all other systems?

A

Speed

155
Q

Anatomical divisions fo the nervous system are ___ & ____. And each include what parts of the body and what are their functions?

A
  1. CNS:
    - Spinal cord & brain
    - Process and coordinate intelligence, memory, learning, & emotions
  2. PNS:
    - All neuron tissue outside of the CNS
    - Delivers sensory information to CNS & carries motor commands from CNS
156
Q

There are ___ pairs of nerves in the PNS. ____ are cranial nerves and ____ are spinal nerves

A

43 in PNS
12 = Cranial
31= Spinal

157
Q

Output motor information is divided into 2 responses. Which are voluntary/ involuntary?

A 
Somatic = voluntary
Autonomic = involuntary
158
Q

Automatic motor response is divided into ____ & _____. What are they A.K.A?

A
  1. Sympathetic
    - Fight or flight
  2. Parasympathetic
    - Rest and digest
159
Q

What cells are involved with the nervous system? What do they do?

A

Neurons- Transmit electrical energy ( info)

Neroglia - supportive cells

160
Q

Parts of a neuron are

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
161
Q

At the ends of axons are____. At the ends of these are _____.

A

Axon terminals/ synaptic end bulbs

162
Q

(T or F) Nerve impulses can go in or out of neurons?

A

False! They can only flow out through axon terminal

163
Q

List the 3 classifications of neurons based on their structure and functions are ….. Describe them

A

Function

  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons
    - Pain ( sensory neuron) carried to spinal cord
  2. Motor ( afferent) neurons
    - Motor ( response) carried out of spine
  3. Association ( inter) neurons

Structure:

  1. Multipolar neuron= many dendrites on both ends
  2. Bipolar neuron = 2 sets of dendrites on both ends
  3. Unipolar neuron = Dendrites only on one end
164
Q

Neuroglia cells are _____. What are they capable and incapable of? How many types are there? Where are they located?

A 
Supportive cells for neurons
Incapable of generating nerve impulse
Capable of cell division 
6 total 
4 in CNS 
2 in PNS
165
Q

List the 4 Neuroglia cells in the CNS. What do they do?

A
  1. Astrocytes- protect neurons/ form BBB & BSCB (spinal cord)
  2. Oligodendrocytes- Produce myelin for some CNS neurons
  3. Microglia - destroys microbes
  4. Epedymal cells- Produce & circulates CSF
166
Q

The 2 Neuroglia cells in the PNS are____ & _____. What do they each do?

A
  1. Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)- Produce myelin in some PNS neurons
  2. Satellite cells- Support neurons in PNS
167
Q

Neurons that are _____ are fastest

A

Myelinated

168
Q

Neurolemmocytes are A.K.A

A

Schwann cells

169
Q

Resting potential is A.KA. what? Describe it

A

Polarized membrane: Ions are on either side of membrane (+) = outside (-) = inside

170
Q

Resting potential for a neuron is ____ milivolts

A

-70mV

171
Q

Outside the membrane are ____ charged ____ ions. Inside are ____ charged _____& _____ charged ______

A

Outside= (+) sodium ions

Inside = (-) proteins & (+) potassium ions

172
Q

What happens during graded potential?

A

(+) charged sodium moves into neuron making it less negative

173
Q

What is graded potential measured at ?

A

-65

174
Q

The importance of graded potential is

A

Moves neuron ( axon) closer to an action potentials (AP)

175
Q

Axon potential is

A

A sequence of rapidly occurring events on the axon

176
Q

Depolarizing and Repolarizing phases are when what happens to the millivolts? What plays a key role in each?

A

Depolarizing: millivolts jumps to +30 ( alota sodium)
Repolarizing: Millivolts quickly goes back to -70mV (potassium)

177
Q

1st action potential occurs at the _____. A.K.A _____ of axon

A

Initial segment ( trigger zone)

178
Q

A “threshold” is what millivolt? What happens once reached?

A

-55 mV
Full depolarizing occurs leading to depolarizing phase
This essentially defines “ All or None” principle

179
Q

Neuron stays at rest until it reaches ______

A

Threshold

180
Q

Potassium channels are opened by _____

A

Volts

181
Q

At -70 mV Na+ and K+ Chanels are ____ & ____. What stages are they each?

A

Closed & closed
Graded Potential stage
(nothing happens)

182
Q

At +30 mV Na+ & K + channels are ____ & _____. What stages are they each?

A

Na+ = closed
K+= open
Action potential repolarized stage

183
Q

At -55mV Na+ & K+ channels are ____ & ____.

A

Na+ = open
K+ = closed
Action potential depolarized

184
Q

If graded potential sweeps in at -60 does anything happen?

A

No! It didn’t reach -55 ( threshold)

185
Q

What blocks voltage- gated sodium channels during a cavity filling?

A

(Novacain) Local anestetics

186
Q

Exchange pump occurs after ____. And does what?

A

Action potential

Exchanges Na+ from inside and K+ from outside to vice versa

187
Q

What moves action potentials generated in axon hillock ?

A

Propagation ( conduction)

188
Q

2 Methods of propagating action potential are ___ & _____. What are their speeds?

A
  1. Continuous progation-
    - Slow = unmeymlinated axon
  2. Saltatory pronation
    - Fast =myelinated axon
189
Q

(T or F) The myelination process is quick!

A

False! It takes years & years for myelination to be complete

190
Q

The 3 possible synapses are:

A
  1. Neuromuscular junction - muscle
  2. Neuroglandular juntion- gland
  3. Neuroneuron junction- neuron
191
Q

When you have 2 neurons that link one its called ____ & the other is called _____. Whats the name of this synapses?

A

Presynaptic neuron & postsynaptic neuron

Neuroneuron junction

192
Q

Describe a junction of nerves:

A
  1. Nerve impulse arrives
  2. Neurotransmitters are released
  3. Neurotransmitters lock into receptor sites on post synaptic cell = effect
  4. Neurotransmitters are removed
193
Q

How are neurotransmitters released after nerve effect?

A

Enzyme diffusion, diffusion, & reuptake

194
Q

2 types of neurotransmitters are ___ & ___. What do they do?

A
  1. Excitatory= Moves post synaptic membrane towards threshold
  2. Inhibitory= Moves the post synaptic membrane further away from threshold
195
Q

The autonomic nervous system has special motor pathways to ____. ____ & _____ are controlled by the _____.

A

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & glands

Controlled by hypothalamus

196
Q

Name the 2 neurons in the autonomic motor systems. What do they do? What is their meeting point called?

A
  1. Preganglion
    - Races out of CNS to ganglion
  2. Postganglion
    - Reaches organs & smooth ( smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, & glands)

Meeting point= ganglion

197
Q

Where does the preganglion get its info? Where does the post ganglion get its info?

A

Pre- hypothalamus

Post- Pre!

198
Q

Where does the preganglionics start in spinal cord?

A

Between T1 & L2

199
Q

(T or F) One preganglionic synapses only one post ganglionic

A

False! One pre can synapse 1,000 of post

Anatomy & Physiology I (4 decks)

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