Exam 4 Flashcards
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
(T or F) All cranial nerves have mixed functions
False! Not all cranial nerves are mixed!
ex: Optic nerve = completely sensory (sight)
Bells palsy is….
Injury to facial nerve ( cranial nerve VII)
A patient comes in who can’t taste, salivate, blink nor smile on her left side. You diagnosed her with_____
Bells Palsy
On a PET Scan warm colors (red, orange, yellow) shows_______ brain activity. Meaning there’s an active _____ metabolism
Normal/ glucose
On a PET scan a brain scanned with cool colors (blue, purple) shows a _______. In what disease is this seen?
Loss of function/ Alzheimers
A violent jarring or shaking that results in a disturbance of brain function is considered a _______
Concussion
What protects the brain?
Cranial bones, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier, and Meninges
The four principal parts of the brain are
Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem
A group of neurons that runs through the brain stem is called______
Reticular formation
What maintains consciousness and controls arousal levels?
Reticular formation
The three parts of the brain stem are…..
Medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
A person who has a stroke on their right brain loses control of the left side of their body due to the ____ of nerves
Decussation: Crossing to opposite side
Decussation means
Crossing to opposite sides
Pyramids are found in the ______ and are ______ tracks
medulla/ sensory tracks
Your heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rhythms are regulated thanks to the _____ in the ______
Vital reflex centers, medulla
Coughs, sneezes, vomiting, gagging and swallowing are due to the _______ center in _______
Nonvital reflex/ medulla
Pons are bridges for what? What do they do? What are the origins of?
Sensory/motor neurons
relay information to/from cerebellum & accessory respiratory centers
origins for cranial nerves
What two areas are within the accessory respiratory centers?
Pheumotaxic area & Apheustic area
new-mo-taxic) (afro-istic
The pheumotaxic area & apheustic area modify _____. And are found in the ____ centers in the ______
Respiratory function/accessory respiratory center/pons
Cerebral peduncles are located in ______ and have _____
Midbrain/ sensory &motor tracts
The substantia nigra & red nucleus are located in the ____ and are responsible for _____.
Midbrain
involuntary skeletal muscle movement
The corpa quadrigemina (tectum) is found in the _____ part of the ____. And has 4 round twin bodies responsible for _____.
Posterior/midbrain/involuntary movement of head
The top bodies of the corpora quadrigemina (qua-dre-gem-ina) (tectum) are called _____. The bottom bodies of this are called ______. How do they differ?
Top:
superior colliculi
Moves head in response to visuals
Bottom:
Inferior colliculi
Moves head in response to audio
What parts of the midbrain are most likely damage in a person with Parkinson’s disease?
Substantia nigra & red nucleus
When you see something out of the corner of your eye while driving what part of the brain makes you turn to look?
Superior colliculi
(T or F) The midbrain actions are all voluntary
False! They’re involuntary
Cerebellum helps with….
Coordination, balance & posture
Ataxia is damage to ___. That leads to ____.
Cerebellum/unbalance
What substance affects the cerebellum?
Alchohol
Without _____ the cerebellum won’t work
Information
The input locations to the cerebellum are…..
Eyes joints, muscle positions, inner ear
Proprioceptors determine what
joint and muscle positions
The ____ canal has ____. its located in the _____ and sends information to the cerebellum about balance
Semicircular/ fluid/ inner ear
Information to and from cerebellum goes through ______
pons
The diencephalon consists of what 2 parts?
Thalamus & hypothalamus
The function of the thalamus is to _____
Relay sensory information to cerebral cortex
(T or F) Hypothalamus is located below thalamus
True!
The hypothalamus regulates what?
Hormones, body temperature, eating (hungry/full), drinking (thirst, quenched) and automatic nervous system
What determines our individualism, intelligence, personality, thoughts etc.
Cerebrum ( whole brain)
The cerebrum is divided into 2 parts called ___ & ____.
Left hemisphere & right hemisphere
The ___ & ____ part of the cerebrum represents folding
Gyrus = bumps Sulcus = impressions
List the 5 lobes of the brain. Which are visible/ not?
Can see:
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
Cant see:
5. Insula
Where is insula located?
Under/behind frontal & temporal lobe
The left & right hemisphere differ how>
Left= Analytical & language Right= Imaginative
How does one measure brain waves?
EEG- Electroencephalogram scans
What are the 4 types of brain waves & what do they represent?
- Alpha = awake/rest
- Beta = awake/ active
- Theta= stress/disorders
- Delta = sleep
The 3 general parts of the cerebrum are …..
Outer gray, middle white, & inner gray
The inner gray has 2 part ___ & ____
Limbic system and basal nuclei
What are the functions of the limbic system?
- Responsible for emotions & moods, fear, anxiety, anger, jealousy, pleasure, affection, happiness, etc.
- Storage & retrieval of emotional memories
What are the 2 major parts of the limbic system?
Hippocampus & Amygdala
What is known as “ your emotional brain”
Limbic system
What disorder is linked directly to the limbic system?
PTSD
(T or F) The basal nuclei is located below cortex and surface
True!
Functions of the basal nuclei are…..
- Coordinates large automatic muscle movement
2. Regulates muscle tone
When you want to swing a baseball bat what coordinates that initiation of movement?
Basal nuclei
What is the neurotransmitter to the basal nuclei & substantia nigra
Dopamine
For normal movement you need ___ connecting to ____
Dopamine/ neurons
Lack of dopamine affects ___ and is linked to ___ disease
Movement/ Parkinson’s
What color is something that is myelinated?
White
What is the middle white cerebrum made of?
Cerebral fibers
What makes up the cerebral fibers?
Myolinated axons
The 3 sections of the cerebral fibers that help for communication are… Where are they each located?
- Commissural fibers:
- Links communications between the 2 hemispheres
- Cross mid line - Association fibers:
- Links communication on same side of hemisphere
- On left and right hemisphere - Projection fibers:
- Links superior & inferior communications on one hemisphere
- On left and right hemisphere
If the left and right brain interact what part of the cerebral fibers are involved?
Commissural fibers
If the superior and inferior brain interact what part of the cerebral fibers are involved?
Projection fibers
If the same side of the brain interact what part of the cerebral fibers are involved?
Association fibers
What is the the “ white bridge” in the middle of the cerebral fibers called?
Corpus callosum
The outer grey of cerebrum is also called _____
Cerebral cortex
The highest part of the nervous system is the ______
Cerebral cortex/ outer gray
The highest functions of the human brain are located _____
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is divided into 3 parts functionally which are ___, ___, & ____
Sensory
Motor
Association
Central sulcus is located where? Describe it.
Des- Groove
Loc- In superior superficial part of the cerebrum that extends from L to R temporal sides of head
List the 3 function categorizations of the cerebral cortex, their functions and locations
- Sensory Areas/cortex:
Loc- posterior to central sulcus
Fun- Conscious sensations ( general =pain, special = sight, hear, smell) - Motor areas/ cortex:
Loc- Anterior to central sulcus
Fun- Conscious control of skeletal muscles - Association areas/ cortex:
Loc- Though-out all lobes
Fun- Read input data & coordinate motor response
Sensory areas of the cortex include which 6 parts? What senses do they each involve?
- Primary sensory cortex = pain
- Primary motor cortex = movement/ speech
- Primary visual cortex = sight
- Primary auditory cortex = hearing
- Primary gustatory cortex = taste
- Primary olfactory cortex = smell
The Broca area of the motor areas of the cortex does what?
Translates thoughts into speech
Next to the the primary sensory cortex is the ____ area, that holds memory of
Sensory association area/ pain memory
Next to the visual cortex is the ___ area, thats holds memory of _____.
Visual association are/ sight
Next to the primary motor cortex is the ____ area, that holds memory of ____.
premotor area/ movement memory
What are of the brain helps you learn to play the piano by memory?
Primary motor cortex
What area of the brain ( that people rarely use these days ) that helps one think before they speak?
Broca area/ speech center
Broca’s aphasia is ____. And occurs when _____ is damaged
Prevents a person to speak/ Broca’s arch is damaged
Typically Broca’s area is located in the _____ hemisphere
Left
General interpretive area aka ______. Allows for _____.
Wernicke area/ interpretations of meanings of words
Wernicke’s aphasia is a condition where one ____ & is due to damage of ____
Losses their ability to understand language/ wernickes area is damaged
The prefrontal cortex controls ____. and is located on ______
Judgement, reasoning, personality, intellect, complex learning/ both hemispheres
Parts of the ____ area are cut during a lobotomy
Prefrontal cortex
Stroke is ____ due to _____
Damage ( death) of cerebral cortex/ due to blood clot
What protects the spinal cord?
Skin, muscle, bone, meninges, fat, fluids & the blood-spinal cord barrier or BSCB
What is meninges, where is it located?
Connective tissues, layers around spinal cord
What are the 3 layers of meninges, & their locations?
- Pia mater = inner most ( closest to axon)
- Arachnoid mater= middle
- Dura mater = outer most
Where is fat and fluids located around spinal cord
Spaces between meninges
What is found I the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is found in the subdural space?
Interstitial fluid
What is found in the epidural space?
Fat
Meningitis is….
Infections of meninges
An epidural is…..
Injection of anesthetic into epidural space
Spinal tap is…..
Removal of CSF from the subarachnoid space to be sent for testing
Another word for spinal tap is….
Lumbar puncture
The blood-spinal cord barrier is ____ and in it filter what comes in & out of it
Semipermeable
The blood- spinal cord barrier is surrounded by layers of ______
Astrocytes
What are the 2 ways to look at the spinal cord?
Longitudinally and cross sectionally
The spinal cord starts at the ____ and ends near the _____
starts- Foramen magnum ( hole in skull)
end- conus medullar is ( L1/ L2)
What is also know as a “ horse tail” ?
Cauda equina
In spinal nerves are ____ & ___ neurons..
Sensory neurons & motor neurons
_____ always go through back of the vertebra. Where as ____ go through the front.
Sensory neurons/ motor neurons
(?) Dorsal roots are found connecting the ____ to the skeleton
Vertebra
On a dorsal root is a nub/ball called the ____ that contains ____ of the sensory neurons
Ganglion/ cell bodies
Varcella- zoster virus causes____ initially which eventually leads to _____.
Chicken pox/ shingles
Ventral/ anterior roots are located in ____ of the ventral body. And have no ___ because the cell bodies of ____ neurons are located _____.
Anterior/ Ganglions/ Motor/ Ventral body
The gray area of ventral bodies are where ____ between neurons occurs
Synapses
The ____ of the spinal cord is the gray area
Horns
The ____ of the vertebral body looks like a butterfly
Gray area/horn
What re the parts of the gray area?
- Posterior ( dorsal ) gray horn
- Lateral gray horn
- Anterior ( ventral ) gray horn
Polio causes ___ to be destroyed causing paralysis
Anterior gray horn
If lower spinal cord is affected by polio _____ occurs
respiratory neurons are blocked hence you become unable to breath alone
Columns of spinal cord refer to ____ colored areas. Horns of spinal cord refer to _____ colored areas.
Columns= white Horns= gray
Why is the gray area gray and the white area white?
Gray = no myelin White = myelinated
What are the functions of gray/horns vs white/columns in vertebrae
Gray/horns-
connections between neurons/ releases neurotransmitters
White/columns-
Racing information
What is found on white columns that helps race information?
Spinal tracts
Name parts of the white area:
2 lateral white columns:
dorsal white column
ventral white column
Anterior & posterior median sulcus are identified as _____
Grooves
Commissures are essentially ____. Theres ____ & _____ commissures
Bridges/ grey & white
Central canal is filled with _____
Cerebral spinal fluid ( CSF)
What divides the spinal nerves with spinal roots?
Intervertebral foramen
Dorsal roots hold____
Sensory neurons
Ventral roots hold
Motor neurons
Spinal nerves are located in what nervous system?
In peripheral nervous system ( where hols are) PNS
Spinal roots are located in ____
Central nervous system
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 Pairs
62 total nerves
List the 5 spinal nerves and # of pairs in each
- Cervical nerves = 8 pairs
- Thoracic nerves = 12 pairs
- Lumbar nerves = 5 pairs
- sacral nerves = 5 pairs
- coccygeal nerves = 1 pair
Between the thoracic nerves and lumbar nerves is the ___ which is in the ____
Conus medullaris/ cord end
Cause equine is _____ located ____
Decent of nerve tissue/ roots of spinal nerves
-last 11 cervical vertebra
Spinal nerves are surrounded by _____
Fascicles are nerves are surrounded by _____
Axons nerves are surrounded by _____
Spinal- epineurium
Fascicle - perineurium
Axon - endoneurium
Branches that extend from spinal nerves are called_____. And are _____
Rami/ Nerves
Which spinal nerves have communicate ramus?
Spinal nerves T1- L2
The dorsal vs ventral ramus
Dorsal
-Innervates skin & muscle nerves of posterior trunk
Ventral
-innervates skin& muscle nerves at arms, legs, & lateral/ interior trunk
What forms the nerve plexi?
Ventral ramus
Axons of numerous ventral ramuses forming nerves that innervates parts of the body are_____
Nerve plexi
No plexuses are located in the ___ area of the spine
Thoracic
What ventricle rami form the cervical plexus? Where are they located ?
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 (neck)
What ventricle rami form the lumbar plexus? What do they innervate?
L1, L2,L3,L4,L5,
Innervates–> hip & Pelvis
Rami communicantes/ communicante ramus functions are ….
- helps direct ANS ( sympathetic) ( fight/flight response neurons
- Reaches internal organs- breath faster/slower etc
ANS sympathetic is the ___ response
fight-or-flight
Fight or flight neurons originate in which spinal nerves?
T1- L2
Spinal cord has 2 major functions ___ & ____
Connect to brain & refluxes
Spinal cord communicates with the brain via____. Which are located in ____ of the vertebral disc
Spinal tracts/ white columns
Ascending neurons to the brain are ___ neurons. Where as descending neurons from the brain are ___ neurons.
Ascending–> sensory
Descending –> motor
Major ascending ( sensory) tracts include ____,_____,&____
Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic
Posterior spinothalamic
Major descending ( motor) tracts include 2 parts
Anterior corticospinal
Lateral corticospinal
Fast predictable automatic response to changes in the env is called
Reflexes
The purpose of reflexes is
Protection
The 5 steps to reflexes are
- Stimulation
- Sensory neurons are activated
- CNS processes info
- Motor neuron activated
- Response by effector
Major functions of the nervous system are
- Collect sensory info
- Analyze it
- Directs appropriate motor responses to effectors ( ex. muscles and glands)
What does the nervous system the best at compared to all other systems?
Speed
Anatomical divisions fo the nervous system are ___ & ____. And each include what parts of the body and what are their functions?
- CNS:
- Spinal cord & brain
- Process and coordinate intelligence, memory, learning, & emotions - PNS:
- All neuron tissue outside of the CNS
- Delivers sensory information to CNS & carries motor commands from CNS
There are ___ pairs of nerves in the PNS. ____ are cranial nerves and ____ are spinal nerves
43 in PNS
12 = Cranial
31= Spinal
Output motor information is divided into 2 responses. Which are voluntary/ involuntary?
Somatic = voluntary Autonomic = involuntary
Automatic motor response is divided into ____ & _____. What are they A.K.A?
- Sympathetic
- Fight or flight - Parasympathetic
- Rest and digest
What cells are involved with the nervous system? What do they do?
Neurons- Transmit electrical energy ( info)
Neroglia - supportive cells
Parts of a neuron are
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axon
At the ends of axons are____. At the ends of these are _____.
Axon terminals/ synaptic end bulbs
(T or F) Nerve impulses can go in or out of neurons?
False! They can only flow out through axon terminal
List the 3 classifications of neurons based on their structure and functions are ….. Describe them
Function
- Sensory (afferent) neurons
- Pain ( sensory neuron) carried to spinal cord - Motor ( afferent) neurons
- Motor ( response) carried out of spine - Association ( inter) neurons
Structure:
- Multipolar neuron= many dendrites on both ends
- Bipolar neuron = 2 sets of dendrites on both ends
- Unipolar neuron = Dendrites only on one end
Neuroglia cells are _____. What are they capable and incapable of? How many types are there? Where are they located?
Supportive cells for neurons Incapable of generating nerve impulse Capable of cell division 6 total 4 in CNS 2 in PNS
List the 4 Neuroglia cells in the CNS. What do they do?
- Astrocytes- protect neurons/ form BBB & BSCB (spinal cord)
- Oligodendrocytes- Produce myelin for some CNS neurons
- Microglia - destroys microbes
- Epedymal cells- Produce & circulates CSF
The 2 Neuroglia cells in the PNS are____ & _____. What do they each do?
- Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)- Produce myelin in some PNS neurons
- Satellite cells- Support neurons in PNS
Neurons that are _____ are fastest
Myelinated
Neurolemmocytes are A.K.A
Schwann cells
Resting potential is A.KA. what? Describe it
Polarized membrane: Ions are on either side of membrane (+) = outside (-) = inside
Resting potential for a neuron is ____ milivolts
-70mV
Outside the membrane are ____ charged ____ ions. Inside are ____ charged _____& _____ charged ______
Outside= (+) sodium ions
Inside = (-) proteins & (+) potassium ions
What happens during graded potential?
(+) charged sodium moves into neuron making it less negative
What is graded potential measured at ?
-65
The importance of graded potential is
Moves neuron ( axon) closer to an action potentials (AP)
Axon potential is
A sequence of rapidly occurring events on the axon
Depolarizing and Repolarizing phases are when what happens to the millivolts? What plays a key role in each?
Depolarizing: millivolts jumps to +30 ( alota sodium)
Repolarizing: Millivolts quickly goes back to -70mV (potassium)
1st action potential occurs at the _____. A.K.A _____ of axon
Initial segment ( trigger zone)
A “threshold” is what millivolt? What happens once reached?
-55 mV
Full depolarizing occurs leading to depolarizing phase
This essentially defines “ All or None” principle
Neuron stays at rest until it reaches ______
Threshold
Potassium channels are opened by _____
Volts
At -70 mV Na+ and K+ Chanels are ____ & ____. What stages are they each?
Closed & closed
Graded Potential stage
(nothing happens)
At +30 mV Na+ & K + channels are ____ & _____. What stages are they each?
Na+ = closed
K+= open
Action potential repolarized stage
At -55mV Na+ & K+ channels are ____ & ____.
Na+ = open
K+ = closed
Action potential depolarized
If graded potential sweeps in at -60 does anything happen?
No! It didn’t reach -55 ( threshold)
What blocks voltage- gated sodium channels during a cavity filling?
(Novacain) Local anestetics
Exchange pump occurs after ____. And does what?
Action potential
Exchanges Na+ from inside and K+ from outside to vice versa
What moves action potentials generated in axon hillock ?
Propagation ( conduction)
2 Methods of propagating action potential are ___ & _____. What are their speeds?
- Continuous progation-
- Slow = unmeymlinated axon - Saltatory pronation
- Fast =myelinated axon
(T or F) The myelination process is quick!
False! It takes years & years for myelination to be complete
The 3 possible synapses are:
- Neuromuscular junction - muscle
- Neuroglandular juntion- gland
- Neuroneuron junction- neuron
When you have 2 neurons that link one its called ____ & the other is called _____. Whats the name of this synapses?
Presynaptic neuron & postsynaptic neuron
Neuroneuron junction
Describe a junction of nerves:
- Nerve impulse arrives
- Neurotransmitters are released
- Neurotransmitters lock into receptor sites on post synaptic cell = effect
- Neurotransmitters are removed
How are neurotransmitters released after nerve effect?
Enzyme diffusion, diffusion, & reuptake
2 types of neurotransmitters are ___ & ___. What do they do?
- Excitatory= Moves post synaptic membrane towards threshold
- Inhibitory= Moves the post synaptic membrane further away from threshold
The autonomic nervous system has special motor pathways to ____. ____ & _____ are controlled by the _____.
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & glands
Controlled by hypothalamus
Name the 2 neurons in the autonomic motor systems. What do they do? What is their meeting point called?
- Preganglion
- Races out of CNS to ganglion - Postganglion
- Reaches organs & smooth ( smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, & glands)
Meeting point= ganglion
Where does the preganglion get its info? Where does the post ganglion get its info?
Pre- hypothalamus
Post- Pre!
Where does the preganglionics start in spinal cord?
Between T1 & L2
(T or F) One preganglionic synapses only one post ganglionic
False! One pre can synapse 1,000 of post
