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Anatomy & Physiology I > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A point of association between two bones is ______

A

Joint

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2
Q

Arthrology is _______

A

The study of joints

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3
Q

Rheumatology is ______

A

The study of all joint disease

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4
Q

Two methods for classifying joints are ____ & _____

A
  1. Structural classification: How joints are anatomically put together
  2. Functional classification: Hows joints work
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5
Q

What are the 3 sub classifications of structural joints? Describe their attributes

A
  1. Fibrous joint:
    - no joint cavity
    - fibrous tissue between bones
  2. Cartilaginous joint:
    - no joint cavity
    - cartilage tissue between bones
  3. Synovial joint:
    - joint cavity filled with fluid
    - surrounded by connective tissue
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6
Q

Nonsynovial joints are which 2 joint sub classifications?

A

fibrose & cartilagenous

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7
Q

What types of fluid is between synovial joints?

A

Synovial fluid

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8
Q

What are the 3 sub classifications of functional joints? What are their attributes?

A
  1. Synarthrosis = immovable joint
  2. Amphiarthrosis = slightly movable joint
  3. Diarthrosis =freely movable joint
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9
Q

Functionally a knee joint would be classified as _____, but structurally it’d be classified as _____.

A

Diarthrosis -functionally - freely moving

Synovial -structurally- joint cavity with fluid

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10
Q

Functionally the left & right parietal bones of the skull articulating with one another would be classified as ____., but structurally it’d be classified as ______.

A

Synarthrosis -functionally- immovable joint

Fibrous - structurally- no joint cavity

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11
Q

Nondiathrosis joints include which two sub joint classifications?

A

Synarthrosis & Amphiarthrosis

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12
Q

If a joint is structurally classified as fibrous & functionally classified as synarthrosis its called_____. Give an example of joint type.

A

Suture joint

ex: front & parietal lobe joints

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13
Q

If a joint is structurally classified as cartilaginous & functionally classified as synarthrosis its called_____. Give an example of joint type.

A

Synddesmosis

ex: between tibia & fiber

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14
Q

If a joint is structurally classified as cartilaginous & functionally classified as amphiarthrosis its called____. Give an example of joint type.

A

Symphysis

ex: pubic bones connecting OR joints between vertebral bodies

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15
Q

(T or F) When someone mentions synovial joints you know they’re also talking about diarthrosis joints

A

TRUE!
Synovial means build filled cavity
Diarthrosis means freely moving

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16
Q

By nature synovial/ diarthrosis joints are ____, and are more prone to _____.

A

Weak & dislocate

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17
Q

Luxation means______

A

Complete dislocation

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18
Q

Subluxations means______

A

Partial dislocation

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19
Q

(T or F) Diarthrosis joints are strong and diseases are non common.

A

FALSE!

They’re weak and disease prone!

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20
Q

Suture, synchondrosis, syndesmosis & symphysis joints are_____. Uncommonly ____. ____ are never seen and are found in the _____ skeleton.

A

strong/stable, dislocate, diseases, axial

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21
Q

Synovial/ Diarthrosis joints are found in the _____ skeleton.

A

Appendicular

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22
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA) is diagnosed when what occurs?

A

Articular cartilage is worn away
Joint space is uneven & narrowed
Bone- to- bone contact is present

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23
Q

What are necessary characteristics of synovial/ diarthrosis joints?

A

*2 articulating bones (-duh!)
Joint cavity is between bones
Articular cartilage covering bone

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24
Q

A patient comes in with patella pain. After taking an x-ray, its clear there is little to no articular cartilage between the bones. You diagnose her with _____.

A

Osteoarthritis

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25
Q

Surrounding a diathesis/ synovial joint is ____ capsule.

A

Articular capsule

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26
Q

What are the 2 layers that make up the articular capsule and their functions?

A
  1. An outer fibrous membrane
    - a.k.a capsular ligament
    - helps hold bone together
  2. An inner synovial membrane
    - a.k.a synovium
    - produces synovial fluid
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27
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Lubricate
absorbs shock
provides nutrition

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28
Q

Accessory ligaments include ____ & _____. What do they do for the bone?

A

Intracapsular ligament & extracapsular ligament

Help hold bone together!

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29
Q

Menisci is _____.

A

Articular discs

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30
Q

What are menisci made of? What do they do? Where are they located?

A
  1. made of - fibrocartilage
  2. do - allows a better fit between bones/ and absorb shock
  3. located - Inside joint cavity
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31
Q

Bursae is _____. Located _____ of a joint and helps the bone by _____ it.

A

sacs of synovial fluid
outside of joint
cushioning/protecting it

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32
Q

A patient diagnosed with bursitis has _____

A

Swollen bursa

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33
Q

Classifications of synovial/diarthrosis joints are classified based on ____ & the ____ allowed..

A

Shape and movement

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34
Q

List the 6 movement classifications of synovial/ diarthrosis joints & describe them

A
  1. Gliding (plane joint):
    - Surfaces are flat
    - non-axial - no axis involved
  2. Hinge joint:
    - Surfaces are convex/concave
    - monaxial- 1 axis involved
    - movement in 1 direction
  3. Pivot joint:
    - Surface is pointed, surrounded by circular surface
    - Monaxial- movement in 1 direction
    - Rotation
  4. Elliposoid ( condylar) joint:
    - Surface is oval, and oval depression
    - Biaxial- around 2 axes
    - 2 different directions
  5. Saddle ( sellaris) joint:
    - Saddle surface/saddle surface
    - Biaxial
    - Side-to-side motion, up & down motion
  6. Ball-and-socket joints:
    - Ball surface/ socket surface
    - Triaxial- around 3 axes
    - 3 different directions
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35
Q

_____ joints are also considered nonaxial.

A

Gliding (plane) joints

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36
Q

Gliding (Plane) joints surfaces are _____. Examples include______.

A

Flat
ex:
joints between carpals & tarsal bones

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37
Q

_____ joints are also considered monaxial

A

Hinge joints

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38
Q

In order to have a hinge joint you’d need one bone to be _____ and one to be ______

A

Convex & concave

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39
Q

An example of a hinge joint is _____ joint. The _____ bone is convex where the _____ bone is concave.

A

Elbow joint,
trochlea - convex
ulna - concave

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40
Q

_____ joints are also considered monaxial

A

Pivot joints

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41
Q

In order to have a pivot joint you’d need one bone to be ____ and one to be _____

A

Pointed & circular

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42
Q

An example of a pivot joint is ______. The ____ is pointed where the _____ is circular.

A

Joint between 1st & 2nd cervicle vertebrae
Dens of C2- pointed
Inner surface of C1 - circular

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43
Q

____ joints are also considered biaxial

A

Elliposoid ( condylar) joint

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44
Q

Elliposoid ( condylar) joints promote ___ & ____ motion.

A

Side-to-side & up-and-down

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45
Q

In order to have a elliposoid joint you’d need a _____ surface and a ____ surface to connect.

A

convex oval & concave/depressed oval

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46
Q

What is the main difference between a hinge joint and a ellipsoid joint?

A

Hinge joint is monaxial - moves in one direction

Elliposoid joint is biaxial - moves in two diff. directions

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47
Q

An example of ellipsoid joint is ____. _______ has a convex oval surface, where ____ has a concave oval surface.

A

Radial scaphoid joint (Wrist)
scaphoid - convex oval surface
radius - concave oval surface

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48
Q

____ can also be considered as biaxial

A

Saddle ( sellers) joint

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49
Q

(T or F) Saddle ( Sellaris) joints are very communion the body

A

FALSE! There are only 2 in the body… very rare

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50
Q

The only example of a saddle (Sellaris) joint is in the ____. Where the ____ articulated with the ___ of the ____.

A

Thumb/hand, Meticarpal 1, Trapezium/ Wrist

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51
Q

Thanks to the _____ joint we have posable thumbs!

A

Saddle ( Sellaris) joint

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52
Q

The ____ joint is also considered triaxial

A

Ball-and-socket joint

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53
Q

In order to have a ball-and-socket joint a joint needs to have a ___ surface, where the other needs to have a ___ surface.

A

Ball/ socket

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54
Q

Labrum is ____. Found in the ____ of a ball-and-socket joint and helps the joint _____.

A

Fibro cartilage, socket, fit more snug/secure

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55
Q

(T or F) Every synovial joint has a Range of Motion

A

True! There are limits to movements (duh! You cant bend your hand back)

56
Q

What are the 3 factors that define Range of Motion?

A
  1. Shape (ball-and-socket joint vs. hinge joint )
  2. Tightness of ligaments, tendons & muscles (cant move hand backwards)
  3. Contact of body surfaces ( flexing muscle)
57
Q

Flexion is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Decrease in angle between articulating bones (usually in sagittal plane)
Opposite = Extension

58
Q

Extension is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Increase in angle between articulating bones (usually in sagittal plane )
Opposite = Flexion

59
Q

Inversion is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Medial movement of sole

Opposite = Eversion

60
Q

Eversion is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Lateral movement of sole

Opposite = Inversion

61
Q

Abduction is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Movement of bone alway from midline (usually in frontal plane)
Opposite = Adduction

62
Q

Adduction is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Movement of bone toward midline (usually in frontal plane)

Opposite = Abduction

63
Q

Pronation is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Movement of forearm that turns palm posteriorly

Opposite = Supination

64
Q

Supination is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Movement of forearm that turns palm anteriorly

Opposite = Pronation

65
Q

Elevation is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Superior movement of body part

Opposite = Depression

66
Q

Depression is ____. Its opposite is_____.

A

Inferior movement of body part

Opposite = Elevation

67
Q

What are all the functions of skeletal muscles?

A 
Skeletal movement
Maintain body posture; position; & stability 
Protects underlying organs 
Guards opening/exits 
Maintain body temp
Stores nutrient ( calcium ; amino acids)
68
Q

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?

A 
Isotonic: 
-For motion
-Muscle shortens/contracts
Isometric: 
-For stability
-Muscle stays same length --> increases tension
69
Q

What is the creation of muscles from a microscopic view to a macroscopic view?

A 
Protein molecules
Filaments 
Sarcomeres (compartments)
Myofibrils (organelles) 
Cells 
Bundles
Muscles
70
Q

_____ attaches a skeletal muscle to bone on each end

A

Tendons

71
Q

Epimysuim (deep fascia) is where? What is its functions?

A

Wraps a muscle tisse

Helps shape and isolate it

72
Q

What makes up a muscle?

A

Bundles/fascicles

73
Q

Permysium is found wishing ____ of muscles. It helps ____ bundles, and allows them to work ____ from one another.

A

Bundles, shape, independently

74
Q

Bundles are made up of ______

A

Cells!

75
Q

Endomysium wrap each _____. And helps it by ____ & ____ it.

A

Cells

shaping & isolating

76
Q

What are the three types of deep fascia found In muscles? What do they each wrap?

A
  1. Epimusium- wraps muscles
  2. Permysium - wraps bundles
  3. Endomysium- wraps cells
77
Q

What are the functions of deep fascia?

A
  1. Supports
  2. Compartmentalize
  3. Blood vessel & nerve pathways
  4. Forms tendons
  5. Shapes
  6. Makes muscle tnedons
78
Q

Tendons are made by____

A

Fushion of (epimysium, perimysium, & endomysium) deep fascia

79
Q

Myfiber and muscle fiber are other words for _____.

A

Muscle cells

80
Q

What are the 4 main parts of a muscle cell, & their functions?

A
  1. Nerve cells - controls muscle cell
  2. Sarcolemma - stimulates cell to contract
  3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum- stores calcium
  4. Myofibrils- determine strength & size of cell
81
Q

The sarcolemma of a cell has 2 main parts; ___ & ____. What do they each do?

A
  1. Moter endplate- Stimulates outer muscle cell to contract

2. Transverse tubules - Stimulates inner muscle cells to contract

82
Q

A triad is which part of a skeletal muscle cell?

A

The nooks! T-tubule shaft & surroundings

83
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticular inside a skeletal muscle cell contains _____ or “ gates” that release or store ____

A

Terminal cisterns

calcium

84
Q

The more ____ of the cell the larger & stronger the cell is

A

Myofibrils

85
Q

(T or F) The length of the cell increases as more myofibrils are added to the cell

A

False! The diameter increases, length stays the same

86
Q

Muscles hypertrophy is _____

A

The increase in size of each cell

87
Q

Myofibrils are made up of ____ sections

A

Sarcomeres

88
Q

Along the length of myofibrils are ____

A

Sarcomeres

89
Q

Sarcomeres are made up of _____

A

Filaments

90
Q

_____ discs are found in sarcomeres

A

Z-discs

91
Q

Sandwiching a filament are ____

A

Z- discs

92
Q

I-band is the distance from the ____ & _____ of a sarcomere

A

Z-disc & thin filament

93
Q

A-band is _____ & _____ overlapping each other

A

Thin & thick filaments

94
Q

What is the difference between the way a I-band & and A bands are seen under a microscope ?

A 
I-Band = light
A-Band = dark
95
Q

Inside a H-zone is only _____

A

Thick filaments

96
Q

Inside a I-band is _____ & ______

A

Thin filaments/ prongs

97
Q

What filaments are found in A-bands

A

Thin & thick filaments (Overlapping)

98
Q

Inside a M-Line is only _____ with no _____

A

Thick filaments

no prongs

99
Q

The molecular part of molecular muscle is?

A

Proteins

100
Q

What protein runs along thin filament? What does it do?

A

Actin= contractor protein

101
Q

Tropomyosin & troponin keep an eye on ____. They either cover it, preventing ____ or unveil it allowing _____. These are _____ protein.

A

Actin site, contraction, contraction, regulatory proteins

102
Q

Thick filaments have one protein called _____

A

Myosin

103
Q

Parts of a myosin are ____. What do they do?

A

Myosin head: allows energy to movement
Hinge: moves myosin head up & down, or back & forth
Myosin tail:

104
Q

What is on a myosin head?

A

ATP binding site

105
Q

Neuromuscular junction consists of what 2 parts of the cell?

A

Nerve cell & motor endplate

106
Q

One nerve contains____

A

Thousands of nerve cell ( motor neurons)

107
Q

Axons & axon terminals are where in comparison to neurons?

A

Axons = inside nerves

Axon terminals= outside nerve

108
Q

One muscle contains _____

A

Muscle cells

109
Q

When one axon terminal meets one muscles cell its called a _____.

A

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

110
Q

A motor neuron together with the muscle fibers (cells) is called_____

A

Muscles cell

111
Q

What are the 3 types of functional systems inside muscle cells that make ATP?

A
  1. Creatine phosphate
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Aerobic cellular respiration
112
Q

Which 2 systems that produce ATP in the cell are anaerobic? When & how long are they used? Where are they found?

A

Creatine phosphate & Glycolysis
In cytoplasm
Used during –> peak energy
Duration –> short-term

113
Q

Anaerobic ATP production is good for _____ term energy. Where as aerobic respiration is good for _____ term energy.

A 
Anaerobic = short term
Aerobic = long term
114
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration involves which 2 process to create ATP? Where do they occur

A

Krebs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain

- In mitochondria

115
Q

Describe creatine phosphate process

A 
ATP is used for muscle contraction 
1 phosphorous is used creating ADP 
The enzyme creatine phosphokinase donates 1 phosphorous to ADP
ADP turns back into ATP
Creatine phosphate turns into creatine
116
Q

How many phosphates are in ATP, ADP, & creatine phosphate

A

ATP = 3
ADP =2
CPK = 1

117
Q

What is needed for creating phosphate process to continue?

A

The enzyme creatine phosphokinase

118
Q

How many ATP are made from cellular respiration?

A

36

119
Q

If O2 isn’t present Pyruvic Acid turns into _____

A

Lactic Acid

120
Q

What fuels aerobic cellular respiration

A

O2, Sugar (Pyruvic acid), fatty acids (fat), amino acids (protein)

121
Q

What color cells favor aerobic (O2) and which favor anaerobic (no 02) processes? What are their endurance?

A

Red blood cells – aerobic —- strong endurance

White blood cells— anaerobic —- easily fatigue

122
Q

Marathon runners cells are different than weight lifters cells in which way?

A

Marathon runs have red cells

Weight lifters have white cells

123
Q

Calciums function is to

A

Lock onto troponin

124
Q

What is calcium important for in muscles?

A

Contraction

125
Q

(T or F) ATP is ADP + Phosphorous

A

True! ADP has 3 phosphorous

ATP has 2 phosphorous

126
Q

Rigger mortis occurs because

A

No more ATP, so cells remain contracted

127
Q

Contraction of a muscle twitch follow by relaxation is called______

A

Muscle twitch

128
Q

Tetanus

A

Normal phenomenon of muscle cells where there are prolonged contractions

129
Q

Why can some people lift heavy weights?

A
  1. Through working out one increases their myofibrils making cells larger & stronger
  2. Motor units activate recruitment of stronger cells
130
Q

Aponeurosis is _____

A

Sheet-like structure attaches muscle to bones

131
Q

Muscles attach to bone using ____ & ____

A

Tendons and Aponeurosis

132
Q

An origin of a muscle is the _____ of it, and is used for _____

A

Beginning/ stability

133
Q

An inversion is the _____ of a muscle & is used for ______

A

The end of a muscle/ movement

134
Q

Agonist is a ____ of a muscle, and does____

A

Part of a muscle/ it is the prime mover… causes desired action

135
Q

Antagonist is a ____ of a muscle, and does?

A

Part of a muscle that relaxes/lengthens when woven .

136
Q

Synergists help ____ work better

A

Agonists

137
Q

Fixators help_____

A

Stabilize the origin of prime mover

Anatomy & Physiology I (4 decks)

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