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A+P II > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Adrenal Gland Contained of?

A

Endocrine gland only

  • Produces hormones
  • No ducts
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2
Q

What Three Hormones are Produced in the Endocrine Glands?

A
  • Epinephrine (medulla)
  • Hydrocortisone (cortex)
  • Aldosterone (cortex)
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3
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Hyperadrenocorticism
Increase in cortisol
Symptoms: PU/PD, nocturia, weight gain, alopecia
Tx: Removal from steroids, remove adrenal gland

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4
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hypoadrenocorticism
Decrease in aldosterone, hydrocortisone
Symptoms: Bradycardia (increased K+), hypoglycemia
Tx: Glucocorticoids- prednisolone

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5
Q

Gross Anatomy of Urinary Tract

A

Kidney

  • Perirenal fat: provides protection
  • Pelvis: collection of urine
  • Cortex: Filtration of the blood
  • Medulla: reabsorption of water + electrolytes
  • Hilus: where blood supply enters kidney

Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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6
Q

Microanatomy of Urinary Tract

A

Nephron

  • Glomerulus: filtration of blood
  • Juxtagolomerular apparatus: regulates prod. of RBCs
  • Bowman’s capsule: catches the filtration
  • Proximal convoluted tubule: filtration of electrolytes
  • Loop of henle: reabsorption of water + electrolytes
  • Distal convoluted tubule: reabsorption of water + electrolytes
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7
Q

Functions of the Kidney

A
  1. Filtration of Blood
    - Drugs, urea, BUN
  2. Reabsorption of H2O
    - Maintains blood volume, prevents hypotension
  3. Regulation of NaHCO3
    - Acid/Base Balance
  4. Regulation of electrolytes
  5. Regulation of erythrocyte production in bone marrow
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8
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Lack of ADH production
Symptoms: constantly producing urine (very little H2O reabsorption)
Tx: Desmopressin acetate (H2O binder)

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9
Q

Uremia (Azotemia)

A

Elevated urea in the blood
3 Types
-Pre-renal: decreased BP, decreased urine output, increased waste products in the blood
-Renal: can’t remove the urea, nephron damage, decreased amount of enzymes
-Post-renal: kidney eliminates waste but obstruction prevents elimination of waste

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10
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the nephrons
-Chronic nephritis renal failure: fibrosis of the nephron –> renal atrophy (very common in geriatrics)
Symptoms: PU/PD, metabolic acidosis (tachycardia, tachypnea)
Tx: IV fluids to flush out waste, palliative care

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11
Q

Incontinence

A 
Can't control urination
Causes: 
-Neurologic: pressure on motor nerve causes loss of detrusser muscle
-Hormonal: decreased estrogen- post OHE
Tx: Phenylpropanolamine (Proin)
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12
Q

Lower Urinary Tract Infection (LUTI)

A

Bacteria growth in bladder
Causes: bacterial cystitis, uroliths, neoplasia (TCC)
Tx: antibiotics, change diet, sx

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13
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)

A

Type of epithelial tissue, benign cell

Tx: sx, Piroxicam (NSAID), Mitocantrone + Vinblastine (chemo drugs)

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14
Q

Gross Anatomy of Reproductive Tract

A

Ovaries: dev. of ova
Ovarian bursa: ova ruptures into FT
Fallopian tubes: transports to uterine horns
Uterine horns: where fetus is located
Uterine body
Cervix: only open during estrus + parturition
Vagina

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15
Q

Ovariohysterectomy

A

Spay
Express bladder before
Best before 1st estrous cycle
2 ligatures around ovarian artery and vein, 2 ligatures around uterine body

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16
Q

Reasons for OHE

A 
Prevent pregnancy
Prevent pyometra
Prevent breast cancer
Population control
Hemorrhaging during heat cycle
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17
Q

Tubule Ligation

A

Only tying off the fallopian tubes

Preventing ova from getting fertilized

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18
Q

How to Recognize Hemorrhage After Surgery

A 
Pale mm
Increased CRT
Low PCV (<25%)
Lethargic during recovery
Increased HR
Low BP
\+/- abdominocentesis
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19
Q

Cells of the Ovary

A
  • Germinal cell: only cell capable of meiosis
  • Granulosa cell: estrogen production (maturing ova)
  • Luteal cell: will migrate to the corpus hemorrhagica and develop the corpus luteum (CL), produces progesterone
  • Fibroblast: will stimulate production of scar tissue of follicle is not impregnated
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20
Q

Proestrus Stage 1

A
  • Germinal cells undergo meiosis
  • FSH stimulates granulosa cells –> produce estrogen
  • Follicle’s output of estrogen increases causing physical changes
21
Q

Estrus Stage 2

A

Heat period
Period of sexual receptivity
Estrogen levels peak
LH levels increase and FSH levels decrease
Ovulation typically occurs at end of estrus

22
Q

Metestrus Stage 3

A
  • Occurs after ovulation
  • High LH levels stimulate the corpus hemorragica to produce luteal cells
  • Develops corpus luteum
  • Corpus luteum produces progesterone
  • Preg. tests measures levels of progesterone*
23
Q

Diestrus Stage 4

A

Corpus luteum has reached it’s max size

  • If bred + preg. –> embryo signals CL to be retained into pregnancy
  • If not preg. –> CL will degenerate at end of diestrus
24
Q

Anestrus Stage 5

A

Period of inactivity of the ovary

Corpus albicans is digested by fibroblasts (scar tissue develops)

25
Q

Gestation Period for Dog/Cat

A

63 days

26
Q

Gestation Period for Pig

A

114 days

27
Q

Gestation Period for Sheep/Goat

A

149 days ~5 months

28
Q

Gestation Periods for Cattle

A

283 days ~9.5 months

29
Q

Gestation Periods for Horses

A

335 days ~11 months

30
Q

Parturition Stages

A
  1. Nesting: decrease temp. w/in 24 hours
  2. Contractions of the abdomen: ends with expelling a fetus
  3. Passing the placenta
31
Q

Stage 2 of Parturition

A

Might be necessary to give:

  • Hormone: oxytocin
  • Electrolyte: Ca+ gluconate- slow infusion- ECG
  • Nutrient: glucose- dextrose strip
32
Q

Dystocia

A

Difficult birth (3 hours w/o delivery)
Causes:
-Maternal: age, breed (brachy) , size of male, pelvic diameter
-Fetal: size, malposition (breech), fetal defects
Tx:
-IV oxytocin (measure canal and fetal size first)
-Episiotomy: local anesthetic between anus and roof of canal

33
Q

Pyometra

A

Pus in the uterus (gram - bacteria in cervix)
Open vs. Closed (ER sx)
Symptoms: Lethargy, anorexia, V/D, PU/PD
Tx: sx, hormone therapy

34
Q

Pseudocyesis

A

False pregnancy
Causes an increase in progesterone
Corpus luteum did not regress
Tx: Testosterone

35
Q

Uterine Involution

A

Uterus squeezes out blood and fluids, shrivels up

Tx: rinse with hypertonic saline and push back inside the animal

36
Q

Eclampsia

A

Hypocalcemia as a result of lactation
Symptoms: tetany, increased temp.
Tx: IV fluids with Ca+ gluconate- very slow infusion
Prevention: supplment mother’s diet with calcium during last trimester (puppy food)

37
Q

Agalactia

A

Decreased milk production

Tx: oxytocin

38
Q

Mastitis

A

Inflammation of mammary glands
Symptoms: swollen, hot to touch
Tx: antibiotics, wet to dry bandage
(tech. must bottle feed babies)

39
Q

Care of Umbilical Cord

A

Dip in bactericidal antibiotic

Could cause naval ill

40
Q

Care of Placenta/Breathing

A

Remove from head of fetus- allow breathing
Suck fluid from mouth/throat
Stimulate breathing with response mechanism
If not able to stimulate –> give doxapram HCL

41
Q

Post Parturient Care

A

Palpate abdomen of mother
Check for retained placenta
Check for vaginal lacerations

42
Q

Challenges with Neonates

A

Hypothermia
-Can’t regulate for approx. 2 weeks
-Tx: heating lamps or H2O bottles
Eyes and ears should open after 2 weeks
If not weight gain –> hand feed or NG tube
Infections will cause “fading puppy syndrome”
Deformities:
-Cleft palate: 2 halves of the palate don’t seal after birth
*Hard to eat w/o potential for drowning

43
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tract

A

Prepuce: protects the penis
Scrotum: protects the testicle
Gabernaculum: ligament that pulls the testes through the inguinal canal
Testicle surrounded by visceral peritoneum:
-Epididymis: stores sperm
-Body: spermatogenesis, testosterone production
Spermatic cord:
-Spermatic artery/vein: provides nutrients to testicle
-Vas deferens: transport sperm from testicle to urethra
Cremaster muscle: temp. regulation of the testicle
Os penis: provides rigidity for entering the vaginal vault

44
Q

Exocrine Gland in Prostate Gland

A

Provides fluid nutrition to sperm

45
Q

Hypertrophy (Males)

A

Increase and growth of muscle cells
Older males
Tx: alpha blockers (Prazosin)

46
Q

Abscess (Males)

A

Bacteria inside the prostate

Tx: antibiotics

47
Q

Cyst (Males)

A

Obstructed duct, may rupture

Tx: drain

48
Q

Neoplasia (Males)

A

Prostatic adenocarcinoma

Rare in animals

49
Q

Cryptorchid

A

Retained testicle
Usually genetic
May develop sertoli cell tumor
Will produce estrogen

A+P II (4 decks)

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