Exam 4 Flashcards
What is the Adrenal Gland Contained of?
Endocrine gland only
- Produces hormones
- No ducts
What Three Hormones are Produced in the Endocrine Glands?
- Epinephrine (medulla)
- Hydrocortisone (cortex)
- Aldosterone (cortex)
Cushing’s Disease
Hyperadrenocorticism
Increase in cortisol
Symptoms: PU/PD, nocturia, weight gain, alopecia
Tx: Removal from steroids, remove adrenal gland
Addison’s Disease
Hypoadrenocorticism
Decrease in aldosterone, hydrocortisone
Symptoms: Bradycardia (increased K+), hypoglycemia
Tx: Glucocorticoids- prednisolone
Gross Anatomy of Urinary Tract
Kidney
- Perirenal fat: provides protection
- Pelvis: collection of urine
- Cortex: Filtration of the blood
- Medulla: reabsorption of water + electrolytes
- Hilus: where blood supply enters kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Microanatomy of Urinary Tract
Nephron
- Glomerulus: filtration of blood
- Juxtagolomerular apparatus: regulates prod. of RBCs
- Bowman’s capsule: catches the filtration
- Proximal convoluted tubule: filtration of electrolytes
- Loop of henle: reabsorption of water + electrolytes
- Distal convoluted tubule: reabsorption of water + electrolytes
Functions of the Kidney
- Filtration of Blood
- Drugs, urea, BUN - Reabsorption of H2O
- Maintains blood volume, prevents hypotension - Regulation of NaHCO3
- Acid/Base Balance - Regulation of electrolytes
- Regulation of erythrocyte production in bone marrow
Diabetes Insipidus
Lack of ADH production
Symptoms: constantly producing urine (very little H2O reabsorption)
Tx: Desmopressin acetate (H2O binder)
Uremia (Azotemia)
Elevated urea in the blood
3 Types
-Pre-renal: decreased BP, decreased urine output, increased waste products in the blood
-Renal: can’t remove the urea, nephron damage, decreased amount of enzymes
-Post-renal: kidney eliminates waste but obstruction prevents elimination of waste
Nephritis
Inflammation of the nephrons
-Chronic nephritis renal failure: fibrosis of the nephron –> renal atrophy (very common in geriatrics)
Symptoms: PU/PD, metabolic acidosis (tachycardia, tachypnea)
Tx: IV fluids to flush out waste, palliative care
Incontinence
Can't control urination Causes: -Neurologic: pressure on motor nerve causes loss of detrusser muscle -Hormonal: decreased estrogen- post OHE Tx: Phenylpropanolamine (Proin)
Lower Urinary Tract Infection (LUTI)
Bacteria growth in bladder
Causes: bacterial cystitis, uroliths, neoplasia (TCC)
Tx: antibiotics, change diet, sx
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)
Type of epithelial tissue, benign cell
Tx: sx, Piroxicam (NSAID), Mitocantrone + Vinblastine (chemo drugs)
Gross Anatomy of Reproductive Tract
Ovaries: dev. of ova
Ovarian bursa: ova ruptures into FT
Fallopian tubes: transports to uterine horns
Uterine horns: where fetus is located
Uterine body
Cervix: only open during estrus + parturition
Vagina
Ovariohysterectomy
Spay
Express bladder before
Best before 1st estrous cycle
2 ligatures around ovarian artery and vein, 2 ligatures around uterine body
Reasons for OHE
Prevent pregnancy Prevent pyometra Prevent breast cancer Population control Hemorrhaging during heat cycle
Tubule Ligation
Only tying off the fallopian tubes
Preventing ova from getting fertilized
How to Recognize Hemorrhage After Surgery
Pale mm Increased CRT Low PCV (<25%) Lethargic during recovery Increased HR Low BP \+/- abdominocentesis
Cells of the Ovary
- Germinal cell: only cell capable of meiosis
- Granulosa cell: estrogen production (maturing ova)
- Luteal cell: will migrate to the corpus hemorrhagica and develop the corpus luteum (CL), produces progesterone
- Fibroblast: will stimulate production of scar tissue of follicle is not impregnated
Proestrus Stage 1
- Germinal cells undergo meiosis
- FSH stimulates granulosa cells –> produce estrogen
- Follicle’s output of estrogen increases causing physical changes
Estrus Stage 2
Heat period
Period of sexual receptivity
Estrogen levels peak
LH levels increase and FSH levels decrease
Ovulation typically occurs at end of estrus
Metestrus Stage 3
- Occurs after ovulation
- High LH levels stimulate the corpus hemorragica to produce luteal cells
- Develops corpus luteum
- Corpus luteum produces progesterone
- Preg. tests measures levels of progesterone*
Diestrus Stage 4
Corpus luteum has reached it’s max size
- If bred + preg. –> embryo signals CL to be retained into pregnancy
- If not preg. –> CL will degenerate at end of diestrus
Anestrus Stage 5
Period of inactivity of the ovary
Corpus albicans is digested by fibroblasts (scar tissue develops)
Gestation Period for Dog/Cat
63 days
Gestation Period for Pig
114 days
Gestation Period for Sheep/Goat
149 days ~5 months
Gestation Periods for Cattle
283 days ~9.5 months
Gestation Periods for Horses
335 days ~11 months
Parturition Stages
- Nesting: decrease temp. w/in 24 hours
- Contractions of the abdomen: ends with expelling a fetus
- Passing the placenta
Stage 2 of Parturition
Might be necessary to give:
- Hormone: oxytocin
- Electrolyte: Ca+ gluconate- slow infusion- ECG
- Nutrient: glucose- dextrose strip
Dystocia
Difficult birth (3 hours w/o delivery)
Causes:
-Maternal: age, breed (brachy) , size of male, pelvic diameter
-Fetal: size, malposition (breech), fetal defects
Tx:
-IV oxytocin (measure canal and fetal size first)
-Episiotomy: local anesthetic between anus and roof of canal
Pyometra
Pus in the uterus (gram - bacteria in cervix)
Open vs. Closed (ER sx)
Symptoms: Lethargy, anorexia, V/D, PU/PD
Tx: sx, hormone therapy
Pseudocyesis
False pregnancy
Causes an increase in progesterone
Corpus luteum did not regress
Tx: Testosterone
Uterine Involution
Uterus squeezes out blood and fluids, shrivels up
Tx: rinse with hypertonic saline and push back inside the animal
Eclampsia
Hypocalcemia as a result of lactation
Symptoms: tetany, increased temp.
Tx: IV fluids with Ca+ gluconate- very slow infusion
Prevention: supplment mother’s diet with calcium during last trimester (puppy food)
Agalactia
Decreased milk production
Tx: oxytocin
Mastitis
Inflammation of mammary glands
Symptoms: swollen, hot to touch
Tx: antibiotics, wet to dry bandage
(tech. must bottle feed babies)
Care of Umbilical Cord
Dip in bactericidal antibiotic
Could cause naval ill
Care of Placenta/Breathing
Remove from head of fetus- allow breathing
Suck fluid from mouth/throat
Stimulate breathing with response mechanism
If not able to stimulate –> give doxapram HCL
Post Parturient Care
Palpate abdomen of mother
Check for retained placenta
Check for vaginal lacerations
Challenges with Neonates
Hypothermia
-Can’t regulate for approx. 2 weeks
-Tx: heating lamps or H2O bottles
Eyes and ears should open after 2 weeks
If not weight gain –> hand feed or NG tube
Infections will cause “fading puppy syndrome”
Deformities:
-Cleft palate: 2 halves of the palate don’t seal after birth
*Hard to eat w/o potential for drowning
Gross Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tract
Prepuce: protects the penis
Scrotum: protects the testicle
Gabernaculum: ligament that pulls the testes through the inguinal canal
Testicle surrounded by visceral peritoneum:
-Epididymis: stores sperm
-Body: spermatogenesis, testosterone production
Spermatic cord:
-Spermatic artery/vein: provides nutrients to testicle
-Vas deferens: transport sperm from testicle to urethra
Cremaster muscle: temp. regulation of the testicle
Os penis: provides rigidity for entering the vaginal vault
Exocrine Gland in Prostate Gland
Provides fluid nutrition to sperm
Hypertrophy (Males)
Increase and growth of muscle cells
Older males
Tx: alpha blockers (Prazosin)
Abscess (Males)
Bacteria inside the prostate
Tx: antibiotics
Cyst (Males)
Obstructed duct, may rupture
Tx: drain
Neoplasia (Males)
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
Rare in animals
Cryptorchid
Retained testicle
Usually genetic
May develop sertoli cell tumor
Will produce estrogen
