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A+P II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

The functional unit of the nervous system

Composed of: Dendrites, Cell body, Axons

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Sensory information carried TORWARD cell body (afferent)

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3
Q

Cell body

A

Interprets information

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4
Q

Axons

A

Carries action potential AWAY from cell body (efferent)

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5
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

Non-neuronal cells which maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons

CNS: Astrocytes (BBB), ependymal cells (CSF), oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath)
PNS: Neurolemmocytes- Schwann cells (myelin sheath) Satellite cells- Microglial cells (macrophage)

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6
Q

Myelin

A

Multi-layered lipid and protein covering around some axons
Fx- Insulation, salutatory conduction
Present on axons (White matter)
Not present on all cell bodies, dendrites, terminals, and neuroglia (gray matter)

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7
Q

Sensory

A 
To sense changes in the internal and external environments and send information to CNS
Dendrites
Afferent neurons (TOWARDS brain)
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8
Q

Integrative

A

Decides if a response is necessary based on incoming information
Cell bodies
Association neurons

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9
Q

Motor

A

Send an action potential (motor response) to the appropriate effector to produce the response
Axons
Efferent neurons (AWAY from the brain)

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10
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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11
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

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12
Q

Action Potential Stages

A
  1. Resting state
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Hyperpolarization
    * All or nothing response*
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13
Q

Resting State (salty banana)

A

Neuron is not being stimulated
More Na+ outside and more K+ inside
Membrane is polarized (more + outside)
-70 millivolts (intracellular)

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

Contraction
If stimuli increases membrane potential to -55 millivolts:
Sodium channels open in the membrane and sodium rushes into the cell thus increasing potential up to 30+ millivolts

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15
Q

Repolarization

A

“Reset”, relaxation
When membrane potential reaches 30+ millivolts:
Sodium channels close and Potassium channels open
(more + outside)
Potassium rushes out of the cell thus returning membrane potential to -70 millivolts

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16
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane voltage temporarily decreases to -90 millivolts

Potassium channels remain open for a short period after -70 millivolts has been reached

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17
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Is re-established when the sodium/potassium pump, pumps 3 sodium ions OUT of the cell and 2 potassium ions IN the cell
Approx. 40% of the ATP’s produced by the neuron is used to drive the pump

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18
Q

Refractory Periods

A

Absolute: During depolarization + repolarization the neuron can NOT respond to additional information

Relative: During hyperpolarization, neuron can respond if stimulus is large enough to drive potential up to -55 millivolts

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19
Q

Synapse

A

A junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and its effector

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20
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A

Drives post-synaptic membrane potential towards threshold (more positive)

  • Acetylcholine @ neuromuscular junction
  • Epinephrine/Norepinephrine during fight or flight
  • Dopamine
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21
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

Drives post-synaptic membrane potential away from threshold (more negative)

  • Acetylcholine @ neurocardiac junction
  • Dopamine
  • GAMA
  • Glycine
22
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Responsible for learning, intelligence, behaviors, communication, memory, and recall

23
Q

Neocortex

A

Controls skeletal muscle contraction, 5 senses

24
Q

Cerebellum

A

Responsible for skeletal muscle coordination, controls muscle tone, and helps maintain equilibrium

25
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

“Master gland”
Produces hormones
Anterior: TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH
Posterior: ADH, Oxytocin

26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Contains 5 nuclei: hunger center, thirst center, body temp regulatory center, libido center, aggression center

27
Q

Brain Stem (Medulla Oblongata)

A
  1. Emetic Center
  2. Cough Center
  3. Pneumotaxic Center
  4. Cardiac Inhibitory Center
28
Q

Meninges

A

Pia Mater- Innermost layer, blood supply to brain and spinal cord
Arachnoid- Contains CSF and cushions the brain
Dura Mater- Outermost layer, protects brain and spinal cord from trauma

29
Q

CNS

A

Astrocytes (BBB)
Ependymal Cells (CSF)
Oligodendrocytes (Myelin Sheath)

30
Q

PNS

A

Neurolemmocytes- Schwann Cells (Myelin Sheath)

Satellite Cells- Microglial Cells (Macrophage)

31
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

1.
Sensory
Sends info to hunger center, libido center, neocortex, emetic center

32
Q

Optic Nerve

A

2.
Sensory
Shares info with hunger center, emetic center, cerebellum, can cause blindness

33
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A
  1. Motor
    Eye movement/pupil size
34
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A

4.
Motor
Extrinsic eye muscles

35
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

5.
Mixed
Sensory: mouth, teeth, gums
Motor: muscles of mastication

36
Q

Abducent Nerve

A

6.
Motor
Movement of eye muscles

37
Q

Facial Nerve

A

7.
Mixed
Facial movement, salivation, tears, taste
If lose –> Bells palsy

38
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

8.
Sensory
Balance and hearing

39
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A 
9. 
Mixed
Tongue movement, swallowing 
Motor: swallowing, salivation
Sensory: taste
40
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

10.
Mixed
Motor: larynx, abdominal/thoracic viscera
Sensory: GI tract, resp. tract

41
Q

Spinal Accessory Nerve

A

11.
Motor
Muscles of neck and shoulder

42
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A

12.
Motor
Tongue muscles

43
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Dorsal Root- Sensory (afferent)
Ventral Root- Motor (efferent)
White Matter –> Axons
Gray Matter –> Nerve cell bodies

44
Q

Sympathetic

A

“Fight or flight response”
Arises from the nerves in the thoracic and lumbar region
Main Effects: increased heart rate, dilation of the bronchioles, mydriasis, decreased GI tract motility and secretions, dilation of the blood vessels
Drugs: Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)

45
Q

Parasympathetic

A

“Rest and restore”
Arises from the brain and lumbar regions
Helps modulate and control the sympathetic response
Main Effects: Decreased heart rate, constrictions of the bronchioles, constrictions of the pupil, increased GI motility and secretions
Drugs: Acetylcholine

46
Q

TSH (anterior)

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Controls metabolism

47
Q

ACTH (anterior)

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Inflammation response

48
Q

LH (anterior)

A

Luteinizing hormone

Reproduction, stimulates production of corpus luteum

49
Q

FSH (anterior)

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Stimulates productions of the ova in the ovary

50
Q

ADH (posterior)

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

Allows you to inhibit production of urine

51
Q

Oxytocin (posterior)

A

Stimulates uterine contraction + milk secretion

A+P II (4 decks)

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