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A+P II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prehension

A

Grasping of food with lips, tongue, and teeth

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2
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller particles

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3
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of particles into blood stream

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4
Q

Elimination

A

Removal of waste material

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5
Q

Layers of the GI Tract

A

Mucosa (innermost)
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (outtermost)

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6
Q

Mucosa

A

MM- lining of organs that are open to the outside

Stratified Squamous Epithelium- mouth, esophagus, anus

Simple Columnar Epithelium- beginning of stomach to end of rectum

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7
Q

Submucosa

A

Dense irregular connective tissues

Contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and glands (peyer’s patches)

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8
Q

Muscularis

A

2 layers of smooth muscle:

  • Inner circular layer
  • Outer longitudinal layer

Exceptions:

  • Stomach has a third inner oblique layer
  • Upper 1/3 of esophagus is skeletal muscle
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9
Q

Serosa

A

Serous membrane –> covers the outside of organs and lines cavities not normally open to the outside

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10
Q

Omentum

A 
"Nature's bandaid"
Protects organs
Absorbs fluid
Plugs holes
Stores fat
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11
Q

Parietal

A

Abdominal cavity wall

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12
Q

Viceral

A

Abdominal cavity organs

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13
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serosa lining the abdominal cavity
Special subdivisions:
-Omentum
-Mesentary

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14
Q

Mesentary

A

Attaches jejunum to dorsal body wall

Fx- Bring oxygenated blood to intestines, carries deoxygenated blood and nutrient to liver- portal v

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15
Q

Peritonitis Causes

A

Bowel rupture
Perforating ulcer
Penetrating wound
Bacteria, viruses

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16
Q

Eight Most Important Teeth

A

Canines: upper right (104), upper left (204), lower left (304), lower right (404)

Carnassials: upper right 4th premolar (108), upper left 4th premolar (208), lower left 1st molar (309), lower right 1st molar (409)

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17
Q

Enamel

A

Hardest substance in the body

Protects crown

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18
Q

Dentin

A

“live” part of tooth

Contains blood vessels

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19
Q

Gingival Margin

A

Free edge of gingiva

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20
Q

Cementum

A

Specialized bone that covers the root

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21
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

Holds tooth in place and cushions tooth

Must be broken down to extract tooth

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22
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane surrounding the tooth

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23
Q

Crown vs. Root

A 
Crown= tooth above the gum line
Root= tooth below the gum line
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24
Q

Gingival Sulcus Depth

A

Canine: 1-3 mm
Feline: 0-1 mm

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25
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  1. Parotid (under ear)
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Mandibular
  4. Sublingual (under tongue)
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26
Q

Pharynx

A

Common passageway to both food and air

3 Divisions:

  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx

Fx- Moves a bolus of food into the esophagus by reflex swallowing (deglutition)

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27
Q

Esophageal Hiatus

A

Hole in the diaphragm where esophagus passes through

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28
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

Junction between esophagus and stomach

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29
Q

Esophagus

A

Transports food from oral cavity to stomach

Pathology:
Stenosis
Foreign body
Megaesophagus

30
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing of a tube
Caused by scar tissue –> food can’t get to stomach

Symptoms:

  • Vomiting
  • Anorexia
  • Lose weight

Tx:

  • Find underlying cause
  • +/- surgically dissect scar tissue
31
Q

Foreign Bodies

A

3 Common Areas:

  • Thoracic inlet (pull out)
  • Dorsal to the heart (pull out)
  • Diaphragm- esophageal hiatus (push)

Symptoms:

  • Not eating
  • Retching

Diagnosis:
Radiograph +/- contrast study

Tx:
Push it through or pull it out

32
Q

Megaesophagus

A

High incidence in german shepherds
Nerve supply to muscularis degenerates

Classic Symptom:
-Tubular vomition within 1 hour (coiled snake)

Tx:

  • Liquify food, raise food bowl, flush mouth
  • Have dog sit up in eat
33
Q

Microscopic Layers of the Stomach

A

Gastric Serosa
Gastric Muscularis (oblique, circular, longitudinal layers)
Gastric Submucosa
Gastric Mucosa`

34
Q

Stomach Cells

A

Chief cells- produce pepsinogen (protein precursor)
Parietal cells- produce HCI (hydrochloric acid)
Goblet cells- produce mucus
Simple columnar cells- allow for movement

35
Q

Functions of the Stomach

A
  1. Stores food
  2. Mechanical breakdown of food
  3. Liquification of food to form chyme and digest protein
36
Q

Gastric Ulcer

A

Perforation of the lining of the stomach wall
Caused by excess HCI production
Prevention- systemic anti-acid

37
Q

Gastritis

A 
Inflammation of the stomach
Causes:
-Ingestion of acidic substances
-Allergic reaction
-Immune mediated
38
Q

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV)

A

An acute twisting and distention of the stomach
Is a progressive life-threatening condition
(Less blood returning to heart)

39
Q

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV) Symptoms

A 
Painful
Pacing
Panting
Retching
Tight abdomen
40
Q

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV) Tx

A 
Get vital signs
Treat pain --> hydromorphone (opiod)
Treat shock --> IV catheter- IV fluids
Hook pt. to ECG- monitor for arrhythmia 
Blood-work
Trocarize abdomen or orogastric intubations
Radiographs (after pt. is stable)
41
Q

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV) Post-Management

A 
Hospitalized for several days (monitor for arrhythmia)
Exercise restriction for a few weeks
Multiple small meals a day (long term)
Mortality rate= 15%
Pts. are predisposed to a reoccurrence
42
Q

4 Quadrants of the Stomach

A 
Upper right (liver)
Upper left (stomach + spleen)
Lower right (ascending colon + cecum)
Lower left (descending colon)
43
Q

Small Intestine Gross Anatomy

A

Duodenum: produces sodium bicarbonate
Jejunum: absorption of nutrients (longest)
Ileum: very small section
-Ileocecal valve: junction between small and large
intestine

44
Q

Small Intestine Microanatomy

A

Villi: fingerlike projections of the mucosa in S.I
Microvilli: small projecting folds of the plasma membrane on each simple columnar epithelium
*Both increase the surface area for digestion and absorption of food

45
Q

Intussusception

A

Telescoping of the intestines (infolding of the intestine on itself)
Cuts off blood supply causing necrosis

46
Q

Anastomosis

A

Surgical resection of the intestines

Treatment for intussusception

47
Q

Functions of the Small Intestine

A
  • Digestion (carbs, proteins, and lipids must be chemically digested to be absorbed)
  • Absorption (electrolytes, H2O, and vitamins)
  • Lipids require emulsification before chemical breakdown
48
Q

Large Intestine Gross Anatomy

A 
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Rectum
Anus (anal sphincter)
49
Q

Functions of the Large Intestines

A
  1. Reabsorption of H20
  2. Vitamin synthesis (B+K)
  3. Defecation
50
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon
Symptoms: mucoid, bloody diarrhea
Tx: Treat the cause, withhold food for 24-48 hours –> slowly introduce bland diet

51
Q

Pancreas

A 
Has both exocrine and endocrine glands
Endocrine: does not have ducts 
Exocrine: has ducts
  -4 secretions (sodium bicarbonate, amylase, lipase, 
   trypsin)
52
Q

Pancreatic Insufficiency

A

Lack of digestive enzymes produced by exocrine portion of pancreas
–> Emaciation and undigested food in stool
Tx: Viokase-V (contains enzymes)

53
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of pancreatic ducts
Will cause a backup of enzymes into the gland
Caused by alcohol in humans
Caused by ingestion of fats in animals

Symptoms: increased temp, painful abdomen, V/D
Tx: NPO, Atropine, IV fluids w/ glucose and protein (5 days), bland diet

54
Q

Endocrine

A

Produces 2 hormones:
Glucagon
Insulin

55
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Decrease in production of insulin from the beta cells in the islets of langerhans
Type 1: Young animals
Type 2: Older animals

56
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

A 
Hyperglycemia ( >600 mg/dl)
Glucosuria
Ketonuria
PU/PD
Nocturia
Ravenous appetite
Weight gain
Rapid weight loss
57
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Pathologies

A 
Cataracts
Retinopathy- Blindness
Heart disease
Amputation of limbs (decrease in circulation)
UTIs
58
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Treatment

A

Insulin therapy
-Canines: NPH or Lente Insulin (suspension-intermediate acting)
-Felines: PZI or Ultra Lente Insulin (long acting)
Ideally given SID
Must perform a blood glucose curve to assess if treatment is effective

59
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

Burning lipids for use of glucose (byproduct is ketones)
Will result in decrease pH (7.2-7.3)
Will cause K+ to enter bloodstream (decrease HR –> cardiac arrest)
Symptoms: lethargy, fruity breath, anorexia
Tx: IV fluids WITHOUT K+ (NaCl) and regular insulin

60
Q

Liver Gross Anatomy

A

Gall bladder
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Portal vein

61
Q

Liver Microanatomy

A

Hepatocyte: “liver cell” (detoxification)
Kupffer cells: destroy old Leukocytes and RBCs
Sinusoid: spaces where blood is filtered
Portal Venule: carries blood from intestines to the sinusoid
Central Vein: carries filtered blood to hepatic vein
Bile Canaliculi: Narrow canals which carry bile to the hepatic duct and eventually common bile duct

62
Q

Functions of the Liver

A
  1. Storage of nutrients
    -Glycogen (24 hour storage), fat soluble vitamins (A,
    D, E, K, amino acids, iron
  2. Synthesis of blood proteins
  3. Biotransformation
  4. Filtration of blood
  5. Bile production
63
Q

Biotransformation

A

Detoxification of drugs
Performed by: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation (most common)
Addition of Glucuronic acid to drug molecule
Cats, neonates, and geriatrics lack sufficiency quantities of these enzymes

64
Q

Filtration of Blood

A

*Involves Kupffer cells
Phagocytize foreign material (bacteria from gut, neoplastic cells)
*All abdominal cancer cells go to liver first
*Kupffer cells try to engulf but will cause secondary metastatic tumor- adenocarcinoma
*Removes damaged RBC’s
*Kupffer cells digest into iron, protein, unconjugated bilirubin

65
Q

Bile Production

A

Fat triggers gall bladder contraction
Releases conjugated bilirubin (bile)
Emulsifies fat
Helps lipase break down into (fatty acids, glycerol)

66
Q

Cirrhosis

A

“Scarring of the liver”
Damaged hepatocytes are replaced by collagen
Caused by: alcohol toxicity, spot remover (carbon tetrachloride)

67
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver
Caused by: bacteria, viruses, drugs (Rimadyl)
*Test blood for liver enzymes
Signs of: loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, fever, jaundice

68
Q

Liver Pathologies

A 
Portosystemic Shunt
-Portal vein bypasses liver and releases blood back into systemic bloodstream
Symptoms:
Lethargy
Ataxia
Weakness
Ptyalism
head pressing
Vision disturbances 
Tx: Na restrictions and diuretics
69
Q

Icterus

A

Condition where bilirubin remains in the bloodstream
Caused by liver dz
‘Yellowing’ of the plasma

70
Q

Jaundice

A

An abnormal condition characterized by yellowing of the mm

A+P II (4 decks)

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