Exam 2 Flashcards
Prehension
Grasping of food with lips, tongue, and teeth
Digestion
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller particles
Absorption
Passage of particles into blood stream
Elimination
Removal of waste material
Layers of the GI Tract
Mucosa (innermost)
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (outtermost)
Mucosa
MM- lining of organs that are open to the outside
Stratified Squamous Epithelium- mouth, esophagus, anus
Simple Columnar Epithelium- beginning of stomach to end of rectum
Submucosa
Dense irregular connective tissues
Contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and glands (peyer’s patches)
Muscularis
2 layers of smooth muscle:
- Inner circular layer
- Outer longitudinal layer
Exceptions:
- Stomach has a third inner oblique layer
- Upper 1/3 of esophagus is skeletal muscle
Serosa
Serous membrane –> covers the outside of organs and lines cavities not normally open to the outside
Omentum
"Nature's bandaid" Protects organs Absorbs fluid Plugs holes Stores fat
Parietal
Abdominal cavity wall
Viceral
Abdominal cavity organs
Peritoneum
Serosa lining the abdominal cavity
Special subdivisions:
-Omentum
-Mesentary
Mesentary
Attaches jejunum to dorsal body wall
Fx- Bring oxygenated blood to intestines, carries deoxygenated blood and nutrient to liver- portal v
Peritonitis Causes
Bowel rupture
Perforating ulcer
Penetrating wound
Bacteria, viruses
Eight Most Important Teeth
Canines: upper right (104), upper left (204), lower left (304), lower right (404)
Carnassials: upper right 4th premolar (108), upper left 4th premolar (208), lower left 1st molar (309), lower right 1st molar (409)
Enamel
Hardest substance in the body
Protects crown
Dentin
“live” part of tooth
Contains blood vessels
Gingival Margin
Free edge of gingiva
Cementum
Specialized bone that covers the root
Periodontal ligament
Holds tooth in place and cushions tooth
Must be broken down to extract tooth
Periosteum
Membrane surrounding the tooth
Crown vs. Root
Crown= tooth above the gum line Root= tooth below the gum line
Gingival Sulcus Depth
Canine: 1-3 mm
Feline: 0-1 mm
Salivary Glands
- Parotid (under ear)
- Zygomatic
- Mandibular
- Sublingual (under tongue)
Pharynx
Common passageway to both food and air
3 Divisions:
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Fx- Moves a bolus of food into the esophagus by reflex swallowing (deglutition)
Esophageal Hiatus
Hole in the diaphragm where esophagus passes through
Cardiac Sphincter
Junction between esophagus and stomach
Esophagus
Transports food from oral cavity to stomach
Pathology:
Stenosis
Foreign body
Megaesophagus
Stenosis
Narrowing of a tube
Caused by scar tissue –> food can’t get to stomach
Symptoms:
- Vomiting
- Anorexia
- Lose weight
Tx:
- Find underlying cause
- +/- surgically dissect scar tissue
Foreign Bodies
3 Common Areas:
- Thoracic inlet (pull out)
- Dorsal to the heart (pull out)
- Diaphragm- esophageal hiatus (push)
Symptoms:
- Not eating
- Retching
Diagnosis:
Radiograph +/- contrast study
Tx:
Push it through or pull it out
Megaesophagus
High incidence in german shepherds
Nerve supply to muscularis degenerates
Classic Symptom:
-Tubular vomition within 1 hour (coiled snake)
Tx:
- Liquify food, raise food bowl, flush mouth
- Have dog sit up in eat
Microscopic Layers of the Stomach
Gastric Serosa
Gastric Muscularis (oblique, circular, longitudinal layers)
Gastric Submucosa
Gastric Mucosa`
Stomach Cells
Chief cells- produce pepsinogen (protein precursor)
Parietal cells- produce HCI (hydrochloric acid)
Goblet cells- produce mucus
Simple columnar cells- allow for movement
Functions of the Stomach
- Stores food
- Mechanical breakdown of food
- Liquification of food to form chyme and digest protein
Gastric Ulcer
Perforation of the lining of the stomach wall
Caused by excess HCI production
Prevention- systemic anti-acid
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach Causes: -Ingestion of acidic substances -Allergic reaction -Immune mediated
Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV)
An acute twisting and distention of the stomach
Is a progressive life-threatening condition
(Less blood returning to heart)
Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV) Symptoms
Painful Pacing Panting Retching Tight abdomen
Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV) Tx
Get vital signs Treat pain --> hydromorphone (opiod) Treat shock --> IV catheter- IV fluids Hook pt. to ECG- monitor for arrhythmia Blood-work Trocarize abdomen or orogastric intubations Radiographs (after pt. is stable)
Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV) Post-Management
Hospitalized for several days (monitor for arrhythmia) Exercise restriction for a few weeks Multiple small meals a day (long term) Mortality rate= 15% Pts. are predisposed to a reoccurrence
4 Quadrants of the Stomach
Upper right (liver) Upper left (stomach + spleen) Lower right (ascending colon + cecum) Lower left (descending colon)
Small Intestine Gross Anatomy
Duodenum: produces sodium bicarbonate
Jejunum: absorption of nutrients (longest)
Ileum: very small section
-Ileocecal valve: junction between small and large
intestine
Small Intestine Microanatomy
Villi: fingerlike projections of the mucosa in S.I
Microvilli: small projecting folds of the plasma membrane on each simple columnar epithelium
*Both increase the surface area for digestion and absorption of food
Intussusception
Telescoping of the intestines (infolding of the intestine on itself)
Cuts off blood supply causing necrosis
Anastomosis
Surgical resection of the intestines
Treatment for intussusception
Functions of the Small Intestine
- Digestion (carbs, proteins, and lipids must be chemically digested to be absorbed)
- Absorption (electrolytes, H2O, and vitamins)
- Lipids require emulsification before chemical breakdown
Large Intestine Gross Anatomy
Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Rectum Anus (anal sphincter)
Functions of the Large Intestines
- Reabsorption of H20
- Vitamin synthesis (B+K)
- Defecation
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
Symptoms: mucoid, bloody diarrhea
Tx: Treat the cause, withhold food for 24-48 hours –> slowly introduce bland diet
Pancreas
Has both exocrine and endocrine glands Endocrine: does not have ducts Exocrine: has ducts -4 secretions (sodium bicarbonate, amylase, lipase, trypsin)
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Lack of digestive enzymes produced by exocrine portion of pancreas
–> Emaciation and undigested food in stool
Tx: Viokase-V (contains enzymes)
Acute Pancreatitis
Inflammation of pancreatic ducts
Will cause a backup of enzymes into the gland
Caused by alcohol in humans
Caused by ingestion of fats in animals
Symptoms: increased temp, painful abdomen, V/D
Tx: NPO, Atropine, IV fluids w/ glucose and protein (5 days), bland diet
Endocrine
Produces 2 hormones:
Glucagon
Insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
Decrease in production of insulin from the beta cells in the islets of langerhans
Type 1: Young animals
Type 2: Older animals
Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms
Hyperglycemia ( >600 mg/dl) Glucosuria Ketonuria PU/PD Nocturia Ravenous appetite Weight gain Rapid weight loss
Diabetes Mellitus Pathologies
Cataracts Retinopathy- Blindness Heart disease Amputation of limbs (decrease in circulation) UTIs
Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
Insulin therapy
-Canines: NPH or Lente Insulin (suspension-intermediate acting)
-Felines: PZI or Ultra Lente Insulin (long acting)
Ideally given SID
Must perform a blood glucose curve to assess if treatment is effective
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Burning lipids for use of glucose (byproduct is ketones)
Will result in decrease pH (7.2-7.3)
Will cause K+ to enter bloodstream (decrease HR –> cardiac arrest)
Symptoms: lethargy, fruity breath, anorexia
Tx: IV fluids WITHOUT K+ (NaCl) and regular insulin
Liver Gross Anatomy
Gall bladder
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Portal vein
Liver Microanatomy
Hepatocyte: “liver cell” (detoxification)
Kupffer cells: destroy old Leukocytes and RBCs
Sinusoid: spaces where blood is filtered
Portal Venule: carries blood from intestines to the sinusoid
Central Vein: carries filtered blood to hepatic vein
Bile Canaliculi: Narrow canals which carry bile to the hepatic duct and eventually common bile duct
Functions of the Liver
- Storage of nutrients
-Glycogen (24 hour storage), fat soluble vitamins (A,
D, E, K, amino acids, iron - Synthesis of blood proteins
- Biotransformation
- Filtration of blood
- Bile production
Biotransformation
Detoxification of drugs
Performed by: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation (most common)
Addition of Glucuronic acid to drug molecule
Cats, neonates, and geriatrics lack sufficiency quantities of these enzymes
Filtration of Blood
*Involves Kupffer cells
Phagocytize foreign material (bacteria from gut, neoplastic cells)
*All abdominal cancer cells go to liver first
*Kupffer cells try to engulf but will cause secondary metastatic tumor- adenocarcinoma
*Removes damaged RBC’s
*Kupffer cells digest into iron, protein, unconjugated bilirubin
Bile Production
Fat triggers gall bladder contraction
Releases conjugated bilirubin (bile)
Emulsifies fat
Helps lipase break down into (fatty acids, glycerol)
Cirrhosis
“Scarring of the liver”
Damaged hepatocytes are replaced by collagen
Caused by: alcohol toxicity, spot remover (carbon tetrachloride)
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Caused by: bacteria, viruses, drugs (Rimadyl)
*Test blood for liver enzymes
Signs of: loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, fever, jaundice
Liver Pathologies
Portosystemic Shunt -Portal vein bypasses liver and releases blood back into systemic bloodstream Symptoms: Lethargy Ataxia Weakness Ptyalism head pressing Vision disturbances Tx: Na restrictions and diuretics
Icterus
Condition where bilirubin remains in the bloodstream
Caused by liver dz
‘Yellowing’ of the plasma
Jaundice
An abnormal condition characterized by yellowing of the mm
