Exam 4 Flashcards
define stress
emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral change directed towards either altering or accomodating its effects
define stressors
stressful events
characteristics of fight or flight response
adaptive yet harmful
define the general adaptation syndrome
regardless of the cause of the threat, we respond witht he same physiological pattern of rections
what are the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
criticisms of the general adaptation syndrome
limits role of psychological factors
assumes that all responses are the same
explain the tend and befriend theory
we respond with social affiliation and nurturant behavior toward offspring
what is the stress hormone
oxytocin
what are the psychological appraisals of stress
primary appraisal- the meaning of the stressor
secondary appraisal– assessment of coping abilities and resources
characteristics of sympathetic adrenomedullary sstem
threats labeled by cerebral cortex
fight or flight response
secretes epi and norepi
effects of SAM
increases bp, hr, sweating, disrupts sleep
characteristics of HPA axis
releases cortisol
effects of HPA
conserves carbs, reduces inflammation
what can results from repeated activation of HPA
can comprimise its functioning and alter cortisol levels
how do chronic stress levels affect cortisol
increases in evening
exaggerated cortisol response or none at all
effects of excessive epi and norepi
suppression of immune system
increases bp and hr
heart defects
effects of excessive cortisol
destruction of neurons in hippocampus
belly fat
more significant health consequences
define stress reactivity
the degree of change that occurs physiologically in result of stress
define allostatic load
physiological costs of chronic exposure to fluctuating neural responses to multiple physiological systems resulting from chronic stress
what does build up of allostatic load cause
decreased cell-mediated immunitiy
inability to shut off cortisol
high waist to hip ratio
what makes events stressful
negative events uncontrollable events ambiguous events overload predictable stress
which populations are able to adapt the least to stress
children, elderly and poor
what is the acute stress paradigm
studying stress in a lab and seeing the impact of stress on physiological and psychological responses
What did Holmes and Rahe do
developed a stressful life event inventory
what does the stressful life event inventory do
can predict illness
what are some problems with the stressful life event inventory
items are vague
events are prevalued
usually includes positive and negative events
does not asses if they have been removed
what are examples of life based stressors
catastrophes
daily hassles
examples of environmental stressors
noise
crowding
social interactions
what are examples of work stressors
role ambiguity
shift work
job loss
what are the different ways to interpret stress
distress- negative
neustress- neutral
eustress- positive
characteristics of eustress
positive
challenge
development and growth
characteristics of distress
negative danger barrier fight or flight physical and psychological symptoms
what is the stress process
environmental demand
percepetion of demand
stress response
behavioral consequences
pros and cons of production of cortisol
prepare to fight
immune system impairment
pros and cons of accelerated metabolism
energy to fight
insomnia and exhaustion
pros and cons of endorphins
strength to fight
body pain and headaches
pros and cons of reduced production of sex hormones
reduction of libido
low sex drive
pros and cons of insulin production
more fuel
weight gain
pros and cons of excessive heart activity
more blood in muscles
heart attacks and stroke
pros and cons of anxious breathing
more o2 supply
increased stress
pros and cons of excessive activation of of senses
more awareness
oversensitive to pain
what is the transactional model of stress
2 step appraisal system of stress
what are some psychological factors affecting stress response
personal control
explanatory style
chronic negative emotions
type A behavior
what is the direct effect hypothesis
immunosuppression to reduced body’s defenses
what is the indirect effect hypothesis
maladaptive behaviors reduce immune functioning
coping style vs strategy
style- stable trait
strategy- adaptable, changes with state
internal coping resources
optimism
control
self esteem
sense of self
external coping resources
time money education decent job friends life events
what does social support lead to
quicker recovery from illness
fewer complication during pregancy
when is social support not helpful
when not wanted
when inadequate
when too much can increase stress
not the type thats needed
what is the stress management program
identify stressors, monitor stress, identify stress antecedents, avoid negative self talk, set new goals
ways to manage stress
stress management program, excessive writing, time management
ways excessive writing manages stress
disclosure useful for coping
ways time management manages stress
maximize available time
focus time on your priorities
examples of mind/body interventions
mindfulness
imagery
cognitive therapy
slef talk
mindfulness based stress reduction
meditation
health benefits of meditation
decreased respiration hr and o2 use imporived mood spiritual calm heightened awareness
imagery
visualize pleasant image
ABC of self talk
Activating event
belief about event
consequences
3Ds model of self talk
direct
disrupt
dispute
body/mind interventions
biofeedback exercise stress management deep breathing preogressive muscle relaxation
what is biofeedback
measures physiological responses and teaches you how to control them
when are there benefits with exercise
60-80% of VO2 max
deep breathing
in- pause- out - pause
progressive muscle relaxation
teach body effects of tension to learn how to relax
induce deep breathing
define coping
thoughts and behaviors used to manage demands of situations
two aspects of coping
dynamic process
breadth
how does negativity affect coping
express distress, discomfort and dissatisfaction across situations
list some coping resources
positive emotional states
optimism
psychological control
self esteem
charactersitics of psychological control
belief that one can determine their behavior, influence on environment and bring out desired outcomes
coping styles
aproach vs avoidant
problem vs emotional focused
problem focused
attempt to do something constructive
emotion focused
effort to regulate emotions
forms of social support
tangible
informational
emotional
invisible
matching hypothesis
match between what they need and what they recieve gives most benefits
