Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Two divisions of the respiratory system
A
Conducting and respiratory
2
Q
Nasal vestibule histology
A
Stratified squamous
Sebaceous glands
Vibrissae
3
Q
Purpose of conchae
A
To increase SA and turbulent precipitation
4
Q
Respiratory mucosa
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia
Lamina proprietor w/rich blood supply (swell body)
5
Q
Respiratory mucosa cell types
A
- Ciliated cells
- Goblet cells - mucous
- Brush cells - sensory
- Small granule cells - enteroendocrine cells
- Basal cells - stem cells
6
Q
Swell body
A
Venous network w/thermoregulation
7
Q
Olfactory mucosa
A
Pseudostratified epithelium
8
Q
Olfactory mucosa cell types
A
- Olfactory receptor cells - neurons
- Supporting cells - like neuralgia
- Basal cells - stem cells
- Brush cells - sensory
9
Q
What do olfactory glands contain
A
Lipofuscin
10
Q
Components needed for smell
A
- Olfactory receptor cells have receptor proteins for odorants
- Supporting cells secrete odorant binding proteins
11
Q
Function of pharynx
A
To serve as an entryway to respiratory and digestive system
12
Q
Larynx histology
A
Mostly pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
9 pieces of cartilage (6 hyaline, 3 elastic)
13
Q
Vocal folds composition
A
Skeletal vocalis muscle
Vocal ligament
Both allow sound vibrations via air passing
14
Q
Ventricular folds
A
Not for sound
Lymphatic nodules
15
Q
Functions of the larynx
A
Sound and immune response
16
Q
Layers of the trachea
A
- Mucosa - pseudostrat. Cil. Columnar w/elastic rich lamina propria
- Submucosa - loose c.t.; tracheal mucous glands
- Cartilage layer - c shaped hyaline
- Adventitia - has adipose
17
Q
Tracheal epithelia cell types
A
- Ciliated cells
- Mucous cells
- Basal cells
- Brush cells
- Granule cells
18
Q
Trachealis muscle
A
Holds the ends of cartilaginous plates together
19
Q
Bronchial tree
A
- Trachea
- L and R primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs + alveoli
20
Q
What part of the bronchial tree is the respiratory division where gas exchange occurs
A
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs + alveoli
21
Q
Bronchi layers
A
- Mucosa
- Muscularis
- Submucosa
- Cartilage
- Adventitia
22
Q
Bronchiole epithelia
A
Pseudostratified (bronchiole)
Simple ciliated columnar (terminal)
Cuboidal (respiratory)
23
Q
Clara cells
A
In bronchioles
Secrete lipoprotein surface-active agent to prevent tube collapse
24
Q
Alveoli cell types
A
40% type I alveolar cells (but very large)
60% type II alveolar cells (secrete surfactant)
Dust cells (macrophages)
25
How do alveoli communicate
Via alveolar pores
Collateral circulation
26
Dual blood supply to lung
1. Deoxygenated blood via pulmonary arteries
| 2. Oxygenated blood via bronchial arteries off of aorta
27
Nephron
The functional unit of the kidney
28
Endocrine/enzyme functions of the kidney
1. Erythropoietin for RBC formation
2. Vitamin D activation
3. Renin release
29
Main kidney functions
Filtration
Water balance (long term BP regulation)
30
Where in the kidney are nephrons
In the renal pyramids
31
Sequence of nephron tubules
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
2. Proxima straight tubule
3. Descending limb of nephron loop
4. Ascending limb of nephron loop
5. Distal straight tubule
6. Distal convoluted tubule
7. Collected tubule
8. Collecting duct
32
Medullary ray
Just straight tubules
33
Cortical labyrinth
Glomerulus + convoluted tubules
34
Where do the collecting ducts drain into?
Minor calyxes, which drain into major calyxes, then renal pelvis, then out ureter
35
Stripes in outer medulla
Outer stripe has thick segments
| Inner stripe has thick and thin segments
36
Segments in inner medulla
Thin segments only
37
Filtration apparatus layers + sublayers
1. Endothelial cells w/fenestrations
(Sublayer is glycocalyx)
2. Glomerular basement membrane - has collagen for size barrier and has an ion barrier
(Sublayer is subpodocyte space)
3. Filtration silt - zipper like barrier created by pedicels
38
Where does the filtrate stay before going into tubules
In the urinary space of the squamous parietal layer of glomerular capsule
39
Mesangium
Enclosed by basement membrane of glomerulus
40
Mesangial cells
Called Lacis cells when outside of glomerulus
41
Mesangium functions
1. Maintenance of filtration barrier
2. Structural support
3. Secretion in response to injury
4. Contractile ability to modify glomerular distention
42
Juxtaglomerular apparatus location
Between afferent and efferent arterioles and distal convoluted tubule
43
Components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
1. Juxtaglomerular cells: secrete renin
2. Macula densa: sensory cells for when to release renin
3. Lacis cells
44
Main function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Sensor and effector for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Aldosterone causes BP and blood flow to go up
45
What does renin do
Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin
46
Proximal convoluted tubule specifics
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Brush border
Lots of folds to increase SA
Major site of water and salt reabsorption due to Na+/K+ pumps and aquaporins
Star shaped lumen
47
Proximal straight tubule (thick descending limb) specifics
Smaller version of proximal convoluted tubule
48
Thin segments of nephron loop epithelium
Squamous epithelium
49
Permeability of the thin segments of nephron loop
Thin descending is permeable to water only
Thin ascending is permeable to salt only
50
Distal convoluted tubule specifics
Simple cuboidal epithelium (smaller cells)
No brush border
Aldosterone-stimulated reabsorption of Na+, secretion of K+
PH balance
51
Distal straight tubule (thick ascending limb) specifics
Cuboidal epithelium
Active transport of salt out of tubule
52
Connecting tubule/Collecting duct specifics
Goes from cuboidal to columnar
2 cell types
1. Light cells: water reabsorption via ADH aquaporins
2. Dark cells: pH balance via excretion of H+ or HCO3-
53
Sequence of renal blood supply
1. Renal artery
2. Arcuate artery
3. Afferent arteriole
4. Glomerulus
5. Efferent arteriole
6. Peritubular capillaries (cortex) or vasa recta (medulla)
7. Arcuate vein
8. Renal vein
54
Layers of the other urinary organs
1. Mucosa with transitional epithelium
2. Muscularis with inner longitudinal and outer circular layers
3. Serosa or adventitia depending on location
55
Detrusor muscle
Forms internal urethral sphincter
Smooth muscle
56
Trigone bladder
2 ureters, 1 urethra
57
Male penis parts
Prostatic
Membranous
Penile
58
Three levels of sex determination for males
1. Chromosomal: need a Y chromosome
2. Gonadal: determined by presence of SRY gene on Y chromosome
3. Hormonal: DHT secreted by Leydig cells of testes; MIF secreted by sertoli cells inhibits female parts
59
Function of the scrotum
To keep temperatures lower for spermatogenesis
Via countercurrent heat exchange of single testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins
60
What do the dartos and cremaster muscles do
Both help to raise testes
Dartos is smooth muscle
Cremaster is smooth and skeletal muscles
61
tunica albuginea
dense, regular c.t.
| divides the testes into lobules
62
testis lobules
consists of 1-4 seminiferous tubules
surrounded by lamina propria of myoid cells
63
myoid cells
contractile cells that secrete collagen
64
cell types of the seminiferous tubules
1. Sertoli cells: support spermatogenic cells; convert testosterone to estradiol; create blood-testis barrier; secrete androgen-binding protein
2. Spermatogenic cells: sperm production
65
sperm development steps
1. spermatogonia
2. spermatid
3. sperm
66
leydig cells
interstitial cells of the testes between the seminiferous tubules
secrete testosterone
67
duct system for male reproductive system
1. seminiferous tubules
2. straight tubules
3. rete testis
4. efferent ductules
5. duct of epididymis
6. vas deferens
1-3 are intratesticular ducts
4-6 are excurrent ducts
68
rete testis
simple cuboidal to low columnar cells
| stereocilia
69
straight tubule
short
| only sertoli cells
70
epididymis
efferent ductules + ductus epididymis
71
efferent ductules
sawtooth luminal surface
only site of motile cilia in male reproductive system
reabsorb most fluid secreted by seminiferous tubules
peristalsis
72
ductus epididymis
site of sperm maturation and storage
1. principal cells
2. basal cells
73
vas deferens
1. principal cells
2. basal cells
irregular lumen
thick smooth muscle layer
joins with seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct within prostate
74
seminal vesicles
elongated sacs with extensive diverticula
mucosa has pseudostratified epithelium
longitudinal (outer) & circular (inner) layers of smooth muscle
produces the majority of semen + nutrients for sperm, and prostaglandins
75
semen
sperm + secretions
76
prostaglandins
signaling molecules
77
prostate
tubuloalveolar glands
irregular lumen
mucosa has cuboidal to pseudostratified columnar epithelium
concretions common with age
secrete alkaline to buffer the acidity of the vagina
78
bulbourethral glands
secrete lubricating mucous
79
penis
3 (sometimes 2) masses of erectile tissue
2 corpus cavernosum
1 corpus spongiosum (with urethra)
vascular sinuses make it erectile by allowing blood to fill in
80
tunica albuginea
keeps the erectile masses together
81
subendothelial cushions
irregular bands of smooth muscle that project into the lumen of the vascular sinuses
allow for concentrated expansions
82
menarche
puberty
83
menopause
when all oocytes are cycled out
84
ovary follicle
egg + supporting cells
85
atretia
apoptosis
86
types of ovarian follicles
1. primordial: single layer of squamous cells around oocyte
2. primary: goes from cuboidal (early) to stratified stratum granulosum (late); has theca folliculi and zona pellucida
3. secondary: antrum is characteristic
4. graafian: most mature; granulosa cells from cumulus oophorus and corona radiata
87
what do the stratified stratum granulosum cells do
convert androgen to estrogen
88
zona pellucida function
spermatozoa-binding receptors
89
theca folliculi function/layers
theca interna: produce androgens
| theca externa: smooth muscle + collagen
90
balbiani body
Golgi +
91
function of perivitelline space
to prevent polyspermy by creating that barrier
92
purpose of the antrum
to allow pressure build up that aids in ovulation/ejection
93
ovulation
1. weakening of ovarian surface creates follicular stigma
increase in antral fluid ruptures the corona radiata and oocyte out of ovary
94
how is meiosis different in females
it begins in utero and arrests during prophase I
ovulation has meiosis through the first division
fertilization has meiosis through the second division
95
luteinization
granulosa lutein cells produce estrogen and progesterone
theca lutein cells produce androgen and progesterone
96
hilar cells
secrete androgens
homologous to leydig cells of testes
97
gross sections of the uterine tube
1. infundibulum
2. ampulla
3. isthmus
4. uterine portion
98
function of infundibulum
to funnel egg into the tube
99
histology of uterine tube
1. outer serosa
2. middle muscularis (inner circular, outer longitudinal)
3. inner mucosa
100
mucosa epithelium of uterine tube
simple columnar with:
1. ciliated cells to direct the egg
2. peg cells for secretions
101
layers of the uterus
1. perimetrium
2. myometrium
3. endometrium
102
myometrium
stratum vasculare makes it very vascular
changes a lot in pregnancy
103
endometrium layers
1. deep stratum basal
| 2. superficial stratum functionale (sloughed during menstruation)
104
phases of the uterus (specifically endometrium)
1. menstrual phase: mostly stratum basal
2. proliferation phase: stratum functionale thickens
3. secretory phase: thicker stratum functionale
105
histology of cervix
1. ectocervix is stratified squamous
| 2. endocervix is simple columnar
106
cervical glands
mucous production for sperm transport
107
nabothian cysts
occur when cervical glands are blocked
108
transformation zone
where pap smears are conducted to avoid cervical cancer
109
vagina layers
1. mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium
2. submucosa
3. muscularis
110
hormonal regulation of mammary glands
stimulation by estrogen/progesterone
| inhibition by testosterone
111
nipple
sebaceous glands
| core of lactiferous ducts with lactiferous sinuses
112
areola
sebaceous glands
eccrine sweat glands
glands of montgomery: protective secretions to battle pathogens
113
mammary gland
modified apocrine sweat gland
lobes divided by suspensory ligaments into lobules
114
milk secretion
eccrine for protein component
| apocrine for lipid component
115
inactive vs active mammary glands
active have less c.t. and enlarged glands
inactive have more c.t. and small glands
