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Histology Lecture > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Two divisions of the respiratory system

A

Conducting and respiratory

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2
Q

Nasal vestibule histology

A

Stratified squamous
Sebaceous glands
Vibrissae

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3
Q

Purpose of conchae

A

To increase SA and turbulent precipitation

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4
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

Lamina proprietor w/rich blood supply (swell body)

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5
Q

Respiratory mucosa cell types

A
  1. Ciliated cells
  2. Goblet cells - mucous
  3. Brush cells - sensory
  4. Small granule cells - enteroendocrine cells
  5. Basal cells - stem cells
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6
Q

Swell body

A

Venous network w/thermoregulation

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7
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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8
Q

Olfactory mucosa cell types

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells - neurons
  2. Supporting cells - like neuralgia
  3. Basal cells - stem cells
  4. Brush cells - sensory
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9
Q

What do olfactory glands contain

A

Lipofuscin

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10
Q

Components needed for smell

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells have receptor proteins for odorants
  2. Supporting cells secrete odorant binding proteins
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11
Q

Function of pharynx

A

To serve as an entryway to respiratory and digestive system

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12
Q

Larynx histology

A

Mostly pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

9 pieces of cartilage (6 hyaline, 3 elastic)

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13
Q

Vocal folds composition

A

Skeletal vocalis muscle
Vocal ligament

Both allow sound vibrations via air passing

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14
Q

Ventricular folds

A

Not for sound

Lymphatic nodules

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15
Q

Functions of the larynx

A

Sound and immune response

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16
Q

Layers of the trachea

A
  1. Mucosa - pseudostrat. Cil. Columnar w/elastic rich lamina propria
  2. Submucosa - loose c.t.; tracheal mucous glands
  3. Cartilage layer - c shaped hyaline
  4. Adventitia - has adipose
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17
Q

Tracheal epithelia cell types

A
  1. Ciliated cells
  2. Mucous cells
  3. Basal cells
  4. Brush cells
  5. Granule cells
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18
Q

Trachealis muscle

A

Holds the ends of cartilaginous plates together

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19
Q

Bronchial tree

A
  1. Trachea
  2. L and R primary bronchi
  3. Secondary bronchi
  4. Tertiary bronchi
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Terminal bronchioles
  7. Respiratory bronchioles
  8. Alveolar ducts
  9. Alveolar sacs + alveoli
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20
Q

What part of the bronchial tree is the respiratory division where gas exchange occurs

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs + alveoli

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21
Q

Bronchi layers

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Submucosa
  4. Cartilage
  5. Adventitia
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22
Q

Bronchiole epithelia

A

Pseudostratified (bronchiole)
Simple ciliated columnar (terminal)
Cuboidal (respiratory)

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23
Q

Clara cells

A

In bronchioles

Secrete lipoprotein surface-active agent to prevent tube collapse

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24
Q

Alveoli cell types

A

40% type I alveolar cells (but very large)

60% type II alveolar cells (secrete surfactant)

Dust cells (macrophages)

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25
Q

How do alveoli communicate

A

Via alveolar pores

Collateral circulation

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26
Q

Dual blood supply to lung

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood via pulmonary arteries

2. Oxygenated blood via bronchial arteries off of aorta

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27
Q

Nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney

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28
Q

Endocrine/enzyme functions of the kidney

A
  1. Erythropoietin for RBC formation
  2. Vitamin D activation
  3. Renin release
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29
Q

Main kidney functions

A

Filtration

Water balance (long term BP regulation)

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30
Q

Where in the kidney are nephrons

A

In the renal pyramids

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31
Q

Sequence of nephron tubules

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Proxima straight tubule
  3. Descending limb of nephron loop
  4. Ascending limb of nephron loop
  5. Distal straight tubule
  6. Distal convoluted tubule
  7. Collected tubule
  8. Collecting duct
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32
Q

Medullary ray

A

Just straight tubules

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33
Q

Cortical labyrinth

A

Glomerulus + convoluted tubules

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34
Q

Where do the collecting ducts drain into?

A

Minor calyxes, which drain into major calyxes, then renal pelvis, then out ureter

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35
Q

Stripes in outer medulla

A

Outer stripe has thick segments

Inner stripe has thick and thin segments

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36
Q

Segments in inner medulla

A

Thin segments only

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37
Q

Filtration apparatus layers + sublayers

A
  1. Endothelial cells w/fenestrations
    (Sublayer is glycocalyx)
  2. Glomerular basement membrane - has collagen for size barrier and has an ion barrier
    (Sublayer is subpodocyte space)
  3. Filtration silt - zipper like barrier created by pedicels
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38
Q

Where does the filtrate stay before going into tubules

A

In the urinary space of the squamous parietal layer of glomerular capsule

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39
Q

Mesangium

A

Enclosed by basement membrane of glomerulus

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40
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Called Lacis cells when outside of glomerulus

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41
Q

Mesangium functions

A
  1. Maintenance of filtration barrier
  2. Structural support
  3. Secretion in response to injury
  4. Contractile ability to modify glomerular distention
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42
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus location

A

Between afferent and efferent arterioles and distal convoluted tubule

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43
Q

Components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  1. Juxtaglomerular cells: secrete renin
  2. Macula densa: sensory cells for when to release renin
  3. Lacis cells
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44
Q

Main function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Sensor and effector for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Aldosterone causes BP and blood flow to go up

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45
Q

What does renin do

A

Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin

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46
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule specifics

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Brush border

Lots of folds to increase SA

Major site of water and salt reabsorption due to Na+/K+ pumps and aquaporins

Star shaped lumen

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47
Q

Proximal straight tubule (thick descending limb) specifics

A

Smaller version of proximal convoluted tubule

48
Q

Thin segments of nephron loop epithelium

A

Squamous epithelium

49
Q

Permeability of the thin segments of nephron loop

A

Thin descending is permeable to water only

Thin ascending is permeable to salt only

50
Q

Distal convoluted tubule specifics

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium (smaller cells)

No brush border

Aldosterone-stimulated reabsorption of Na+, secretion of K+

PH balance

51
Q

Distal straight tubule (thick ascending limb) specifics

A

Cuboidal epithelium

Active transport of salt out of tubule

52
Q

Connecting tubule/Collecting duct specifics

A

Goes from cuboidal to columnar

2 cell types

  1. Light cells: water reabsorption via ADH aquaporins
  2. Dark cells: pH balance via excretion of H+ or HCO3-
53
Q

Sequence of renal blood supply

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Arcuate artery
  3. Afferent arteriole
  4. Glomerulus
  5. Efferent arteriole
  6. Peritubular capillaries (cortex) or vasa recta (medulla)
  7. Arcuate vein
  8. Renal vein
54
Q

Layers of the other urinary organs

A
  1. Mucosa with transitional epithelium
  2. Muscularis with inner longitudinal and outer circular layers
  3. Serosa or adventitia depending on location
55
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

Forms internal urethral sphincter

Smooth muscle

56
Q

Trigone bladder

A

2 ureters, 1 urethra

57
Q

Male penis parts

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Penile

58
Q

Three levels of sex determination for males

A
  1. Chromosomal: need a Y chromosome
  2. Gonadal: determined by presence of SRY gene on Y chromosome
  3. Hormonal: DHT secreted by Leydig cells of testes; MIF secreted by sertoli cells inhibits female parts
59
Q

Function of the scrotum

A

To keep temperatures lower for spermatogenesis

Via countercurrent heat exchange of single testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins

60
Q

What do the dartos and cremaster muscles do

A

Both help to raise testes

Dartos is smooth muscle

Cremaster is smooth and skeletal muscles

61
Q

tunica albuginea

A

dense, regular c.t.

divides the testes into lobules

62
Q

testis lobules

A

consists of 1-4 seminiferous tubules

surrounded by lamina propria of myoid cells

63
Q

myoid cells

A

contractile cells that secrete collagen

64
Q

cell types of the seminiferous tubules

A
  1. Sertoli cells: support spermatogenic cells; convert testosterone to estradiol; create blood-testis barrier; secrete androgen-binding protein
  2. Spermatogenic cells: sperm production
65
Q

sperm development steps

A
  1. spermatogonia
  2. spermatid
  3. sperm
66
Q

leydig cells

A

interstitial cells of the testes between the seminiferous tubules

secrete testosterone

67
Q

duct system for male reproductive system

A
  1. seminiferous tubules
  2. straight tubules
  3. rete testis
  4. efferent ductules
  5. duct of epididymis
  6. vas deferens

1-3 are intratesticular ducts
4-6 are excurrent ducts

68
Q

rete testis

A

simple cuboidal to low columnar cells

stereocilia

69
Q

straight tubule

A

short

only sertoli cells

70
Q

epididymis

A

efferent ductules + ductus epididymis

71
Q

efferent ductules

A

sawtooth luminal surface

only site of motile cilia in male reproductive system

reabsorb most fluid secreted by seminiferous tubules

peristalsis

72
Q

ductus epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation and storage

  1. principal cells
  2. basal cells
73
Q

vas deferens

A
  1. principal cells
  2. basal cells

irregular lumen
thick smooth muscle layer
joins with seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct within prostate

74
Q

seminal vesicles

A

elongated sacs with extensive diverticula

mucosa has pseudostratified epithelium

longitudinal (outer) & circular (inner) layers of smooth muscle

produces the majority of semen + nutrients for sperm, and prostaglandins

75
Q

semen

A

sperm + secretions

76
Q

prostaglandins

A

signaling molecules

77
Q

prostate

A

tubuloalveolar glands

irregular lumen

mucosa has cuboidal to pseudostratified columnar epithelium

concretions common with age

secrete alkaline to buffer the acidity of the vagina

78
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

secrete lubricating mucous

79
Q

penis

A

3 (sometimes 2) masses of erectile tissue

2 corpus cavernosum
1 corpus spongiosum (with urethra)

vascular sinuses make it erectile by allowing blood to fill in

80
Q

tunica albuginea

A

keeps the erectile masses together

81
Q

subendothelial cushions

A

irregular bands of smooth muscle that project into the lumen of the vascular sinuses

allow for concentrated expansions

82
Q

menarche

A

puberty

83
Q

menopause

A

when all oocytes are cycled out

84
Q

ovary follicle

A

egg + supporting cells

85
Q

atretia

A

apoptosis

86
Q

types of ovarian follicles

A
  1. primordial: single layer of squamous cells around oocyte
  2. primary: goes from cuboidal (early) to stratified stratum granulosum (late); has theca folliculi and zona pellucida
  3. secondary: antrum is characteristic
  4. graafian: most mature; granulosa cells from cumulus oophorus and corona radiata
87
Q

what do the stratified stratum granulosum cells do

A

convert androgen to estrogen

88
Q

zona pellucida function

A

spermatozoa-binding receptors

89
Q

theca folliculi function/layers

A

theca interna: produce androgens

theca externa: smooth muscle + collagen

90
Q

balbiani body

A

Golgi +

91
Q

function of perivitelline space

A

to prevent polyspermy by creating that barrier

92
Q

purpose of the antrum

A

to allow pressure build up that aids in ovulation/ejection

93
Q

ovulation

A
  1. weakening of ovarian surface creates follicular stigma

increase in antral fluid ruptures the corona radiata and oocyte out of ovary

94
Q

how is meiosis different in females

A

it begins in utero and arrests during prophase I

ovulation has meiosis through the first division

fertilization has meiosis through the second division

95
Q

luteinization

A

granulosa lutein cells produce estrogen and progesterone

theca lutein cells produce androgen and progesterone

96
Q

hilar cells

A

secrete androgens

homologous to leydig cells of testes

97
Q

gross sections of the uterine tube

A
  1. infundibulum
  2. ampulla
  3. isthmus
  4. uterine portion
98
Q

function of infundibulum

A

to funnel egg into the tube

99
Q

histology of uterine tube

A
  1. outer serosa
  2. middle muscularis (inner circular, outer longitudinal)
  3. inner mucosa
100
Q

mucosa epithelium of uterine tube

A

simple columnar with:

  1. ciliated cells to direct the egg
  2. peg cells for secretions
101
Q

layers of the uterus

A
  1. perimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
102
Q

myometrium

A

stratum vasculare makes it very vascular

changes a lot in pregnancy

103
Q

endometrium layers

A
  1. deep stratum basal

2. superficial stratum functionale (sloughed during menstruation)

104
Q

phases of the uterus (specifically endometrium)

A
  1. menstrual phase: mostly stratum basal
  2. proliferation phase: stratum functionale thickens
  3. secretory phase: thicker stratum functionale
105
Q

histology of cervix

A
  1. ectocervix is stratified squamous

2. endocervix is simple columnar

106
Q

cervical glands

A

mucous production for sperm transport

107
Q

nabothian cysts

A

occur when cervical glands are blocked

108
Q

transformation zone

A

where pap smears are conducted to avoid cervical cancer

109
Q

vagina layers

A
  1. mucosa - stratified squamous epithelium
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
110
Q

hormonal regulation of mammary glands

A

stimulation by estrogen/progesterone

inhibition by testosterone

111
Q

nipple

A

sebaceous glands

core of lactiferous ducts with lactiferous sinuses

112
Q

areola

A

sebaceous glands

eccrine sweat glands

glands of montgomery: protective secretions to battle pathogens

113
Q

mammary gland

A

modified apocrine sweat gland

lobes divided by suspensory ligaments into lobules

114
Q

milk secretion

A

eccrine for protein component

apocrine for lipid component

115
Q

inactive vs active mammary glands

A

active have less c.t. and enlarged glands

inactive have more c.t. and small glands

Histology Lecture (4 decks)

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