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Histology Lecture > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell/ECM composition for cartilage

A

5% chondrocytes

95% ECM

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2
Q

Hyaline cartilage overview

A

Chondrocytes in lacunae within homogenous ECM

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3
Q

How are chondrocytes arranged

A

In isogenous groups

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4
Q

What is the majority of hyaline ECM

A

Water

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5
Q

What is the purpose of hyaluronan

A

To bind water

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6
Q

Why is the majority of hyaline matrix water?

A

To allow diffusion, pressure modifications, and interchangeability

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7
Q

Capsular matrix

A

Matrix around individual chondrocytes

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8
Q

Territorial matrix

A

Matrix around entire isogenous groups

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9
Q

Inter territorial matrix

A

Matrix between isogenous groups

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10
Q

What is the perichondrium

A

C.t. Layer surrounding most hyaline cartilage

Outer fibrous layer

Inner stem cell layer

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11
Q

Functions of hyaline cartilage

A

Endochondral ossification

Flexible, compression-resistant structures

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12
Q

Where would you find hyaline cartilage

A

Trachea, nose, ribs

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13
Q

Articulate cartilage

A

At the ends of bones

Forms synovial joints

Hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

Tide mark

A

Point of origin of chondrocytes

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15
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Doesn’t calcify

Has elastic fibers

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16
Q

Where is elastic cartilage

A

Ear, epiglottis, eustacian tube

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17
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Transitional tissue

Dense

No isogenous groups

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18
Q

Function of fibrocartilage

A

Resist compression and shearing

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19
Q

Locations for fibrocartilage

A

Symphysis joints

Articular discs

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20
Q

what are the two ways of chondrogenesis

A

appositional and interstitial

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21
Q

distinguishing characteristics of bone tissue (structurally)

A

osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi

mineralized matrix

way less water in ECM

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22
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

calcium phosphate crystals that compose the mineralized matrix

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23
Q

where are bone-lining cells

A

in the periosteum and endosteum

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24
Q

mature bone composition

A

osteons

trabeculae and spicules

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25
Q

another term for mature bone

A

lamellar bone

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26
Q

another term for immature bone

A

non-lamellar bone

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27
Q

immature bone characteristics

A

less mineralized, easily modified

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28
Q

where would you find immature bone

A

around teeth or tendon insertions

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29
Q

what are osteons

A

the structural unit of compact bone

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30
Q

what are the types of lamellae

A

concentric (around single osteons)

circumferential (around all osteons)

interstitial (between osteons)

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31
Q

what are trabeculae and spicules

A

the structural units of spongy bone

only have interstitial lamellae

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32
Q

how is the vascularization of mature bone

A

it is very vascularized

dual blood supply: nutrient arteries and periosteal arteries

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33
Q

what activates osteoclasts? what inhibits them?

A

activated by T-lymphocytes

inhibited by osteoblasts and estrogen levels

34
Q

what is a common denominator of all muscle tissues

A

they all contract by using Ca2+

35
Q

types of myofilaments

A

thin (primarily actin)

thick (primarily myosin)

36
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
37
Q

what is the name of a muscle cell

A

muscle fiber

38
Q

what is the name of a group of muscle fibers

A

fascicle

39
Q

what defines muscle the organ

A

many fascicles and their c.t. coverings

40
Q

what are the muscle fiber types

A

Type I, IIa, IIb

41
Q

how are type I muscle fibers characterized

A

red

increased capillary density, mitochondria, myoglobin

aerobic

slower to fatigue

oxidative

42
Q

how are type IIb muscle fibers characterized

A

white

decreased capillary density, mitochondria, myoglobin

anaerobic

faster to fatigue

glycolytic

43
Q

how are type IIa muscle fibers characterized

A

as a mixture between type I and type IIb

44
Q

what types of muscles would type I be found

A

postural muscles

45
Q

what types of muscles would type IIb be found

A

extraocular and digital muscles

46
Q

what are myofibrils

A

the functional unit of a muscle fiber

composed of myofilaments

47
Q

what are sarcomeres

A

the functional unit of a myofibril

48
Q

where is skeletal muscle contraction initiated

A

at the neuromuscular junction

49
Q

development of early myoblasts

A

early myoblasts > primary myotubes > mature fiber

50
Q

development of late myoblasts

A

late myoblasts > secondary myotubes > mature fiber

51
Q

how do primary and secondary myotubes differ

A

primary have wide diameters, central nuclei

secondary have small diameters, spaced out nuclei

52
Q

what does myostatin do

A

inhibit muscle growth

i.e. no myostatin means way more muscle mass

53
Q

what are satellite cells (muscle)

A

myogenic precursors that are capable of adult muscle repair

slow process though

54
Q

defining characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

still striated, but also intercalated discs

branched cells

single nucleus w/biconical cytoplasm

55
Q

components of intercalated disc

A
  1. transverse component = fascia adherens
  2. lateral component = gap junctions

macula adherens in both 1 and 2

56
Q

what do they gap junctions do for the cardiac muscle

A

create a syncytium, organized contractions

57
Q

can cardiac muscle be repaired

A

yes, but very slowly

mitosis w/o cytokinesis is helpful

58
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A

no striations (so no sarcomeres)

cells interconnected by gap junctions at a nexus

59
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle, typically

A

peristalsis

60
Q

what does smooth muscle have instead of sarcomeres

A 
dense bodies (like Z-discs)
caveolae
61
Q

can smooth muscle be repaired

A

yes, regularly dividing

62
Q

what is in the central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

63
Q

what three branches are in the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. somatic NS
  2. autonomic NS
  3. enteric NS
64
Q

somatic NS

A

voluntary
sensory + motor
skeletal muscle

65
Q

autonomic NS

A

involuntary
sensory + motor (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
cardiac & smooth muscle, glands

66
Q

enteric NS

A

involuntary
sensory + motor
gut

67
Q

cells of the nervous tissue (general)

A

neurons and neuroglia

68
Q

functional categories of neurons

A
  1. sensory (afferent)
  2. interneurons
  3. motor (efferent)
69
Q

structure of neurons

A

dendrites > cell body > axon

70
Q

Schwann cells

A

form the myelin sheath in the PNS

71
Q

how do Schwann cells form the myelin sheath

A

by wrapping its membrane around the axon in layers

72
Q

how are the layers of Schwann cells connected

A

by Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

73
Q

what are nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between Schwann cells

74
Q

what is the purpose of the myelin sheath

A

to insulate the axon and for faster signal transduction

75
Q

how is the signal faster with a myelin sheat

A

because the signal jumps to each node instead of going all the way through

76
Q

satellite cells (nervous)

A

small, cuboidal cells that are restricted to ganglia

77
Q

what are ganglia

A

group of somas in PNS

78
Q

what is the function of neural satellite cells

A

to insulate the ganglia

79
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

neuroglia of the CNS that form the myelin sheath

80
Q

how do oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath

A

by extending projections that may wrap around several axons

fewer S-L clefts

larger nodes of Ranvier

Histology Lecture (4 decks)

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