Exam 2 Flashcards by Kamryn Brown

Cell/ECM composition for cartilage

5% chondrocytes

95% ECM

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Hyaline cartilage overview

Chondrocytes in lacunae within homogenous ECM

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How are chondrocytes arranged

In isogenous groups

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What is the majority of hyaline ECM

Water

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What is the purpose of hyaluronan

To bind water

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Why is the majority of hyaline matrix water?

To allow diffusion, pressure modifications, and interchangeability

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Capsular matrix

Matrix around individual chondrocytes

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Territorial matrix

Matrix around entire isogenous groups

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Inter territorial matrix

Matrix between isogenous groups

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What is the perichondrium

C.t. Layer surrounding most hyaline cartilage

Outer fibrous layer

Inner stem cell layer

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Functions of hyaline cartilage

Endochondral ossification

Flexible, compression-resistant structures

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Where would you find hyaline cartilage

Trachea, nose, ribs

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Articulate cartilage

At the ends of bones

Forms synovial joints

Hyaline cartilage

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Tide mark

Point of origin of chondrocytes

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Elastic cartilage

Doesn’t calcify

Has elastic fibers

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Where is elastic cartilage

Ear, epiglottis, eustacian tube

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Fibrocartilage

Transitional tissue

Dense

No isogenous groups

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Function of fibrocartilage

Resist compression and shearing

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Locations for fibrocartilage

Symphysis joints

Articular discs

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what are the two ways of chondrogenesis

appositional and interstitial

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distinguishing characteristics of bone tissue (structurally)

osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi

mineralized matrix

way less water in ECM

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hydroxyapatite

calcium phosphate crystals that compose the mineralized matrix

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where are bone-lining cells

in the periosteum and endosteum

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mature bone composition

osteons

trabeculae and spicules

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another term for mature bone

lamellar bone

another term for immature bone

non-lamellar bone

immature bone characteristics

less mineralized, easily modified

where would you find immature bone

around teeth or tendon insertions

what are osteons

the structural unit of compact bone

what are the types of lamellae

concentric (around single osteons) circumferential (around all osteons) interstitial (between osteons)

what are trabeculae and spicules

the structural units of spongy bone only have interstitial lamellae

how is the vascularization of mature bone

it is very vascularized dual blood supply: nutrient arteries and periosteal arteries

what activates osteoclasts? what inhibits them?

activated by T-lymphocytes | inhibited by osteoblasts and estrogen levels

what is a common denominator of all muscle tissues

they all contract by using Ca2+

types of myofilaments

thin (primarily actin) | thick (primarily myosin)

types of muscle tissue

1. skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth

what is the name of a muscle cell

muscle fiber

what is the name of a group of muscle fibers

fascicle

what defines muscle the organ

many fascicles and their c.t. coverings

what are the muscle fiber types

Type I, IIa, IIb

how are type I muscle fibers characterized

red increased capillary density, mitochondria, myoglobin aerobic slower to fatigue oxidative

how are type IIb muscle fibers characterized

white decreased capillary density, mitochondria, myoglobin anaerobic faster to fatigue glycolytic

how are type IIa muscle fibers characterized

as a mixture between type I and type IIb

what types of muscles would type I be found

postural muscles

what types of muscles would type IIb be found

extraocular and digital muscles

what are myofibrils

the functional unit of a muscle fiber composed of myofilaments

what are sarcomeres

the functional unit of a myofibril

where is skeletal muscle contraction initiated

at the neuromuscular junction

development of early myoblasts

early myoblasts > primary myotubes > mature fiber

development of late myoblasts

late myoblasts > secondary myotubes > mature fiber

how do primary and secondary myotubes differ

primary have wide diameters, central nuclei secondary have small diameters, spaced out nuclei

what does myostatin do

inhibit muscle growth i.e. no myostatin means way more muscle mass

what are satellite cells (muscle)

myogenic precursors that are capable of adult muscle repair slow process though

defining characteristics of cardiac muscle

still striated, but also intercalated discs branched cells single nucleus w/biconical cytoplasm

components of intercalated disc

1. transverse component = fascia adherens 2. lateral component = gap junctions macula adherens in both 1 and 2

what do they gap junctions do for the cardiac muscle

create a syncytium, organized contractions

can cardiac muscle be repaired

yes, but very slowly mitosis w/o cytokinesis is helpful

smooth muscle characteristics

no striations (so no sarcomeres) cells interconnected by gap junctions at a nexus

what is the function of smooth muscle, typically

peristalsis

what does smooth muscle have instead of sarcomeres

``` dense bodies (like Z-discs) caveolae ```

can smooth muscle be repaired

yes, regularly dividing

what is in the central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord

what three branches are in the peripheral nervous system

1. somatic NS 2. autonomic NS 3. enteric NS

somatic NS

voluntary sensory + motor skeletal muscle

autonomic NS

involuntary sensory + motor (sympathetic and parasympathetic) cardiac & smooth muscle, glands

enteric NS

involuntary sensory + motor gut

cells of the nervous tissue (general)

neurons and neuroglia

functional categories of neurons

1. sensory (afferent) 2. interneurons 3. motor (efferent)

structure of neurons

dendrites > cell body > axon

Schwann cells

form the myelin sheath in the PNS

how do Schwann cells form the myelin sheath

by wrapping its membrane around the axon in layers

how are the layers of Schwann cells connected

by Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

what are nodes of Ranvier

gaps between Schwann cells

what is the purpose of the myelin sheath

to insulate the axon and for faster signal transduction

how is the signal faster with a myelin sheat

because the signal jumps to each node instead of going all the way through

satellite cells (nervous)

small, cuboidal cells that are restricted to ganglia

what are ganglia

group of somas in PNS

what is the function of neural satellite cells

to insulate the ganglia

what are oligodendrocytes

neuroglia of the CNS that form the myelin sheath

how do oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath

by extending projections that may wrap around several axons fewer S-L clefts larger nodes of Ranvier