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Histology Lecture > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Goals of fixation

A

preserve living structure

stop autolysis and bacterial action

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2
Q

methods of fixation

A

freeze
smear
microwave
chemical (most common)

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3
Q

basic dye properties

A

net + charge
blue/purple
example: hematoxylin

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4
Q

acidic dye properties

A

net - charge
red/pink
example: eosin

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5
Q

basophilic structures

A

nucleus
ergastoplasm
extracellular complex CHOs

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6
Q

acidophilic structures

A

cytoplasmic filaments
cytoplasm
extracellular fibers

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7
Q

metachromasia

A

basic dyes that shift color due to polyanionic aggregates

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8
Q

histology uses (4)

A
  1. histochemistry
  2. immunohistochemistry
  3. autoradiography
  4. hybridization
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9
Q

histochemistry

A

enzymatic reactions: capture reagent combines w/reactant so that it remains in product and can be detected

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10
Q

immunochemistry goal

A

to identify antigen

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11
Q

direct vs. indirect immunochemistry

A

direct is when fluorescent marker attaches to primary antibody and then it attaches to the antigen

indirect is when secondary antibodies attach to the primary antibody then it attaches to the antigen

indirect fluoresces brighter, but is more expensive

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12
Q

autoradiography

A

radioactive markers incorporated into molecular structure

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13
Q

hybridization

A

nucleotide sequence used as the tag for the target nucleotide sequence

used in prenatal screenings

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14
Q

what are artifacts

A

products of mistakes

ex: chemical overuse, knife marks, stain misuse

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15
Q

types of microscopes

A

light microscope (LM)

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

atomic force microscope (AFM)

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16
Q

resolution of microscopes low to high

A

LM

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17
Q

glycocalyx

A

peripheral proteins + glycolipids + glycoproteins

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18
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol + organelles + inclusions - nucleus

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19
Q

endosomes

A

may become lysosomes

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20
Q

lysosomes

A

digestion vesicles

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21
Q

residual body

A

left over lysosome

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22
Q

lipofuscin granules

A

indigestible particles from lysosome

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23
Q

residual body + lipofuscin granules

A

can accumulate and result in age pigments

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24
Q

azurophilic granules

A

lysosomes in WBCs

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25
Q 
rough ER
(function/structure)
A

protein synthesis due to ribosomes

network of membranes

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26
Q

ergastoplasm

A

rough ER in LM

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27
Q 
smooth ER
(function/structure)
A

lipid & steroid metabolism; detoxification

seen most in endocrine glands and liver

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28
Q 
golgi apparatus
(function/structure)
A

protein modification, sorting, packaging

network of membranes

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29
Q

mitochondria

A

ATP generation via Citric Acid cycle and ETC

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30
Q

peroxisomes

A

oxidative enzymes that protect cells from H2O2

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31
Q

cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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32
Q

inclusions

A

byproducts of cell metabolism

ex: lipofuscin, hemosiderin, glycogen, lipid droplets

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33
Q

euchromatic nucleus

A

active transcription

metabolically active cells

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34
Q

heterochromatic nucleus

A

metabolically inactive cells

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35
Q

nucleolus

A

rRNA production

basophilic

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36
Q

basic tissue types (4)

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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37
Q

epithelial tissue

A

closely packed cells w/specialized junctions

usually have a free surface (except epithelioid)

function: create barriers for compartmentalization & regulation

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38
Q

connective tissue

A

widely spaced cells suspended in extracellular matrix

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39
Q

muscle tissue

A

function to contract

elongated cells

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40
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurons + neuroglia

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41
Q

trilaminar embyro

A
  1. ectoderm: epidermis, nervous system
  2. mesoderm: connective tissue, muscle tissue, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
  3. endoderm: lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, bladder, and urethra
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42
Q

domains of epithelial tissue

A
  1. apical
  2. basal
  3. lateral
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43
Q

sub-classifications of epithelial tissue

know 2 locations and function

A 
simple & stratified squamosal
simple & stratified cuboidal
simple & stratified columnar
pseudostratified columnar
transitional
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44
Q

simple squamosal epithelium

A

bowman’s capsule, alveoli

gas exchange, lubrication

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45
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

kidney tubules, thyroid follicles

absorption, secretion

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46
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

sm. intestine, colon

absorption, secretion

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47
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

trachea, bronchial tree

secretion, conduit

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48
Q

stratified squamosal epithelium

A

epidermis, vagina

barrier, protection

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49
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

sweat glands, exocrine gland ducts

barrier, conduit

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50
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

largest exocrine gland ducts, anorectal junction

barrier, conduit

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51
Q

transitional epithelium

A

ureters, bladder

barrier, distensibility

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52
Q

apical domain specialized structures

A
  1. microvilli
  2. stereovilli
  3. cilia (motile, primary, nodal)
53
Q

microvilli

A

invagination of the plasma membrane into apical surface

increases SA

“striated border”

54
Q

stereovilli

A

sensory and/or absorptive in function

sensory when in inner ear

absorptive when in male reproductive system

55
Q

motile cilia

A

anchored by basal body

core of microtubules in 9+2 arrangement

56
Q

primary cilia

A

not motile
receptor capabilities
play a role in cell division

57
Q

nodal cilia

A

active rotational movement

establish left/right in early embryo

58
Q

lateral domain other names

A

LM - terminal bar

TEM - junctional complex

59
Q

lateral domain junctions

A
  1. occluding junctions
  2. zonula adherens
  3. desmosome
  4. gap junctions
60
Q

occluding junctions

A

most apical
prevent migration of membrane lipids/proteins
major intercellular diffusion barrier

61
Q

zonula adherens

A

belt-like strip of transmembrane cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Ca2+ dependent

function: resist mechanical stress; anchor

link to belt of actin

62
Q

desmosome

A

spots of stronger attachment

link to intermediate filaments

63
Q

gap junctions

A

allow direct cytoplasmic connection

common in cardiac, smooth muscle tissue

64
Q

basal domain function

A

infoldings to increase SA, filled with mitochondria
“striated ducts”
absorption

65
Q

basal domain subparts

A
  1. basement membrane

2. anchoring junctions

66
Q

basement membrane functions

A
  1. attachment
  2. compartmentalization
  3. filtration
  4. tissue repair via scaffolding
67
Q

anchoring junctions

A

focal adhesions

hemidesmosomes

68
Q

focal adhesions

A

anchor actin into basement membrane

mechano-sensitivity

69
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

anchor intermediate filaments into basement membrane

70
Q

which domain specializations has actin composition

A

zonula occludens
zonula adherens
focal adhesion

71
Q

which domain specializations has intermediate filament composition

A

desmosomes

hemidesmosomes

72
Q

relative size comparison of villi and cilia (6)

smallest to largest

A
  1. microvilli
  2. primary cilia
  3. nodal cilia
    4 motile cilia
  4. motile cilia (flagella)
  5. stereocilia
73
Q

connective tissue qualifications

A

widely-spaced cells in extracellular matrix

74
Q

what is the extracellular matrix

A

fibers + ground substance

75
Q

classes of connective tissue

A

embryonic c.t.
c.t. proper
specialized c.t.

76
Q

embryonic c.t.

A

mesenchyme

mucous c.t.

77
Q

c.t. proper

A

loose c.t.

dense (regular and irregular) c.t.

78
Q

specialized c.t.

A 
cartilage
bone
adipose
blood
hematopoietic
lymphatic
79
Q

mesenchyme

A

undifferentiated stem cells
fusiform in shape, connected via gap junctions
viscous ground substance w/few fibers

80
Q

mucous c.t.

A

varying differentiation
higher branching
found in umbilical cord
gelatinous ground substance

81
Q

what is the historic ruler

A

RBCs @ 8 micrometers

82
Q

loose c.t.

A

AKA areolar c.t.
more cells, more ground substance, few fibers
“all-purpose glue”

83
Q

dense c.t.

A

few cells, less ground substance, more fibers

irregular: fibers in irregular bundles
regular: fibers in parallel array

84
Q

what are the connective tissue fibers

A
  1. collagen
  2. reticular fibers
  3. elastic fibers
85
Q

collagen

A

a set of glycoproteins
high tensile strength, structural
RF I-IV

86
Q

reticular fibers

A

technically type III collagen
“net-like”
found in immature tissue (replaced by type I)

87
Q

elastic fibers

A

branching, very thin

rebound after distension

88
Q

extracellular matrix

A 
fibers + amorphous ground substance
structural/mechanical support
biochemical barrier
modulator in cell functions
(3) main groups
89
Q

extracellular matrix groups

A
  1. glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  2. proteoglycan aggregates
  3. multi-adhesive glycoproteins
90
Q

GAGs

A

long, unbranched polysaccharides
(-) charge
attract water

91
Q

proteoglycan aggregates

A

GAGs covalently linked to a core protein

92
Q

multi-adhesive glycoproteins

A

interact w/all ECM groups
stabilizers
have more than structural function

93
Q

resident c.t. cells

A 
fibroblasts w/myofibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
adipocytes
adult stem cells
94
Q

transient c.t. cells

A

WBCs

95
Q

fibroblast

A

major cell type

secretes all components of ECM

96
Q

fibroblast

A

major cell type

secretes all components of ECM

97
Q

myofibroblasts

A

mix between fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
i.e. can contract and secrete
wound repair

98
Q

macrophages

A

derived from monocytes
phagocytic cells
“dust cells” in lungs

99
Q

mast cells

A

related to basophils

granule release causes inflammation

100
Q

adult stem cells

A

present in niches

pericytes around capillaries and venules

101
Q

adipose tissue

A

major site for energy storage
major endocrine organ
white or brown

102
Q

white adipose tissue

A 
unilocular
thermal insulation in subcutaneous layer
structural in palms and orbit
derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
regulation of energy metabolism
103
Q

brown adipose tissue

A 
multilocular
many lipid droplets, smaller cells
high vascularized
heat production in babies and small mammals
UCP-1 production
104
Q

UCP-1

A

uncouples oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production

105
Q

blood c.t.

A

formed elements

  1. RBCs
  2. WBCs (5 types)
  3. platelets
  4. ECM
106
Q

ECM

A

plasma + fibers (fibrinogen)

107
Q

WBCs

A

granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

108
Q

WBCs

A

granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

all have azurophilic granules (lysosomes)

109
Q

neutrophils

A

nucleus of >2 parts
~60%
major phagocytes
1st to arrive at site of infection

110
Q

eosinophils

A 
bi-loped nucleus
~4%
crystalloid bodies
actively phagocytic
associated w/allergic rxns, parasitic infections, chronic inflammation
111
Q

basophils

A

large granules
~<0.5%
functionally similar to mast cells
mediator of inflammation

112
Q

lymphocytes

A

nucleus fills most of the cell
~30%
Types: T & B Lymphocytes, Natural Killer cells
main functional cells in immune system

113
Q

monocytes (macrophage)

A 
indented nucleus
~8%
largest WBC
antigen-presenting cell
phagocytosis
114
Q

RBCs

A

anucleate, biconcave discs
shape maximizes gas exchange w/hemoglobin
~120 day lifespan

115
Q

platelets

A

anucleate cell fragments of a megakaryocyte
stimulate blood clotting and tissue repair
~10 day lifespan

116
Q

hematopoiesis

A 
varies in location
1-3 mo. utero: yolk sac
3-7 mo. utero: liver/spleen
7-9 mo. utero: bone marrow
adults: bone marrow
117
Q

monophyletic theory

A

all derived from common hemopoietic stem cell

118
Q

reticulocytes

A

nucleated RBCs
~1-2% of RBC totals
can relate to disease if higher than normal

119
Q

reticulocytes

A

nucleated RBCs
~1-2% of RBC totals
can relate to disease if higher than normal

120
Q

bone marrow

A

blood vessels + sinusoids + sponge-like network of cells

121
Q

adventitial cell

A

sends sheet-like projections into cords of developing cells

structural support
cytokine stimulation

122
Q

transcellular transport

A

blood cells must penetrate sinusoid endothelial cell via transitory aperture creation to enter lumen

123
Q

myeloid to erythroid ratio in bone marrow

A

3:1

WBCs produced at a higher rate because they have a shorter lifespan

124
Q

myeloid to erythroid ratio in bone marrow

A

3:1

WBCs produced at a higher rate because they have a shorter lifespan

125
Q

hematopoiesis tree

A
  1. hemopoietic stem cell
  2. common lymphoid progenitor
  3. common myeloid progenitor
  4. granulocyte/monocyte progenitor
  5. megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor
126
Q

hematopoiesis tree

A
  1. hemopoietic stem cell
  2. common lymphoid progenitor
  3. common myeloid progenitor
  4. granulocyte/monocyte progenitor
  5. megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor
  6. NK cell, T cell, B cell, plasma cell
  7. neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage, mast cell
127
Q

cells in blood

A 
NK cell
T cell
B cell
neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil
monocyte
platelets
erythrocyte
128
Q

cells in connective tissue (from blood)

A 
NK cell
T cell
plasma cell
neutrophil
mast cell
eosinophil
macrophage
129
Q

compare/contrast mast cells and basophils

A

compare: originate from HSC, both have high-affinity surface receptors
contrast: literally everything else

Histology Lecture (4 decks)

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