Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Goals of fixation
A
preserve living structure
stop autolysis and bacterial action
2
Q
methods of fixation
A
freeze
smear
microwave
chemical (most common)
3
Q
basic dye properties
A
net + charge
blue/purple
example: hematoxylin
4
Q
acidic dye properties
A
net - charge
red/pink
example: eosin
5
Q
basophilic structures
A
nucleus
ergastoplasm
extracellular complex CHOs
6
Q
acidophilic structures
A
cytoplasmic filaments
cytoplasm
extracellular fibers
7
Q
metachromasia
A
basic dyes that shift color due to polyanionic aggregates
8
Q
histology uses (4)
A
- histochemistry
- immunohistochemistry
- autoradiography
- hybridization
9
Q
histochemistry
A
enzymatic reactions: capture reagent combines w/reactant so that it remains in product and can be detected
10
Q
immunochemistry goal
A
to identify antigen
11
Q
direct vs. indirect immunochemistry
A
direct is when fluorescent marker attaches to primary antibody and then it attaches to the antigen
indirect is when secondary antibodies attach to the primary antibody then it attaches to the antigen
indirect fluoresces brighter, but is more expensive
12
Q
autoradiography
A
radioactive markers incorporated into molecular structure
13
Q
hybridization
A
nucleotide sequence used as the tag for the target nucleotide sequence
used in prenatal screenings
14
Q
what are artifacts
A
products of mistakes
ex: chemical overuse, knife marks, stain misuse
15
Q
types of microscopes
A
light microscope (LM)
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
atomic force microscope (AFM)
16
Q
resolution of microscopes low to high
A
LM
17
Q
glycocalyx
A
peripheral proteins + glycolipids + glycoproteins
18
Q
cytoplasm
A
cytosol + organelles + inclusions - nucleus
19
Q
endosomes
A
may become lysosomes
20
Q
lysosomes
A
digestion vesicles
21
Q
residual body
A
left over lysosome
22
Q
lipofuscin granules
A
indigestible particles from lysosome
23
Q
residual body + lipofuscin granules
A
can accumulate and result in age pigments
24
Q
azurophilic granules
A
lysosomes in WBCs
25
```
rough ER
(function/structure)
```
protein synthesis due to ribosomes
| network of membranes
26
ergastoplasm
rough ER in LM
27
```
smooth ER
(function/structure)
```
lipid & steroid metabolism; detoxification
seen most in endocrine glands and liver
28
```
golgi apparatus
(function/structure)
```
protein modification, sorting, packaging
| network of membranes
29
mitochondria
ATP generation via Citric Acid cycle and ETC
30
peroxisomes
oxidative enzymes that protect cells from H2O2
31
cytoskeleton
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
32
inclusions
byproducts of cell metabolism
| ex: lipofuscin, hemosiderin, glycogen, lipid droplets
33
euchromatic nucleus
active transcription
| metabolically active cells
34
heterochromatic nucleus
metabolically inactive cells
35
nucleolus
rRNA production
| basophilic
36
basic tissue types (4)
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous
37
epithelial tissue
closely packed cells w/specialized junctions
usually have a free surface (except epithelioid)
function: create barriers for compartmentalization & regulation
38
connective tissue
widely spaced cells suspended in extracellular matrix
39
muscle tissue
function to contract
elongated cells
40
nervous tissue
neurons + neuroglia
41
trilaminar embyro
1. ectoderm: epidermis, nervous system
2. mesoderm: connective tissue, muscle tissue, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
3. endoderm: lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, bladder, and urethra
42
domains of epithelial tissue
1. apical
2. basal
3. lateral
43
sub-classifications of epithelial tissue
know 2 locations and function
```
simple & stratified squamosal
simple & stratified cuboidal
simple & stratified columnar
pseudostratified columnar
transitional
```
44
simple squamosal epithelium
bowman's capsule, alveoli
gas exchange, lubrication
45
simple cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubules, thyroid follicles
absorption, secretion
46
simple columnar epithelium
sm. intestine, colon
absorption, secretion
47
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
trachea, bronchial tree
secretion, conduit
48
stratified squamosal epithelium
epidermis, vagina
barrier, protection
49
stratified cuboidal epithelium
sweat glands, exocrine gland ducts
barrier, conduit
50
stratified columnar epithelium
largest exocrine gland ducts, anorectal junction
barrier, conduit
51
transitional epithelium
ureters, bladder
barrier, distensibility
52
apical domain specialized structures
1. microvilli
2. stereovilli
3. cilia (motile, primary, nodal)
53
microvilli
invagination of the plasma membrane into apical surface
increases SA
"striated border"
54
stereovilli
sensory and/or absorptive in function
sensory when in inner ear
absorptive when in male reproductive system
55
motile cilia
anchored by basal body
| core of microtubules in 9+2 arrangement
56
primary cilia
not motile
receptor capabilities
play a role in cell division
57
nodal cilia
active rotational movement
| establish left/right in early embryo
58
lateral domain other names
LM - terminal bar
| TEM - junctional complex
59
lateral domain junctions
1. occluding junctions
2. zonula adherens
3. desmosome
4. gap junctions
60
occluding junctions
most apical
prevent migration of membrane lipids/proteins
major intercellular diffusion barrier
61
zonula adherens
belt-like strip of transmembrane cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Ca2+ dependent
function: resist mechanical stress; anchor
link to belt of actin
62
desmosome
spots of stronger attachment
| link to intermediate filaments
63
gap junctions
allow direct cytoplasmic connection
common in cardiac, smooth muscle tissue
64
basal domain function
infoldings to increase SA, filled with mitochondria
"striated ducts"
absorption
65
basal domain subparts
1. basement membrane
| 2. anchoring junctions
66
basement membrane functions
1. attachment
2. compartmentalization
3. filtration
4. tissue repair via scaffolding
67
anchoring junctions
focal adhesions
| hemidesmosomes
68
focal adhesions
anchor actin into basement membrane
| mechano-sensitivity
69
hemidesmosomes
anchor intermediate filaments into basement membrane
70
which domain specializations has actin composition
zonula occludens
zonula adherens
focal adhesion
71
which domain specializations has intermediate filament composition
desmosomes
| hemidesmosomes
72
relative size comparison of villi and cilia (6)
| smallest to largest
1. microvilli
2. primary cilia
3. nodal cilia
4 motile cilia
5. motile cilia (flagella)
6. stereocilia
73
connective tissue qualifications
widely-spaced cells in extracellular matrix
74
what is the extracellular matrix
fibers + ground substance
75
classes of connective tissue
embryonic c.t.
c.t. proper
specialized c.t.
76
embryonic c.t.
mesenchyme
| mucous c.t.
77
c.t. proper
loose c.t.
| dense (regular and irregular) c.t.
78
specialized c.t.
```
cartilage
bone
adipose
blood
hematopoietic
lymphatic
```
79
mesenchyme
undifferentiated stem cells
fusiform in shape, connected via gap junctions
viscous ground substance w/few fibers
80
mucous c.t.
varying differentiation
higher branching
found in umbilical cord
gelatinous ground substance
81
what is the historic ruler
RBCs @ 8 micrometers
82
loose c.t.
AKA areolar c.t.
more cells, more ground substance, few fibers
"all-purpose glue"
83
dense c.t.
few cells, less ground substance, more fibers
irregular: fibers in irregular bundles
regular: fibers in parallel array
84
what are the connective tissue fibers
1. collagen
2. reticular fibers
3. elastic fibers
85
collagen
a set of glycoproteins
high tensile strength, structural
RF I-IV
86
reticular fibers
technically type III collagen
"net-like"
found in immature tissue (replaced by type I)
87
elastic fibers
branching, very thin
| rebound after distension
88
extracellular matrix
```
fibers + amorphous ground substance
structural/mechanical support
biochemical barrier
modulator in cell functions
(3) main groups
```
89
extracellular matrix groups
1. glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
2. proteoglycan aggregates
3. multi-adhesive glycoproteins
90
GAGs
long, unbranched polysaccharides
(-) charge
attract water
91
proteoglycan aggregates
GAGs covalently linked to a core protein
92
multi-adhesive glycoproteins
interact w/all ECM groups
stabilizers
have more than structural function
93
resident c.t. cells
```
fibroblasts w/myofibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
adipocytes
adult stem cells
```
94
transient c.t. cells
WBCs
95
fibroblast
major cell type
| secretes all components of ECM
96
fibroblast
major cell type
| secretes all components of ECM
97
myofibroblasts
mix between fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
i.e. can contract and secrete
wound repair
98
macrophages
derived from monocytes
phagocytic cells
"dust cells" in lungs
99
mast cells
related to basophils
| granule release causes inflammation
100
adult stem cells
present in niches
| pericytes around capillaries and venules
101
adipose tissue
major site for energy storage
major endocrine organ
white or brown
102
white adipose tissue
```
unilocular
thermal insulation in subcutaneous layer
structural in palms and orbit
derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
regulation of energy metabolism
```
103
brown adipose tissue
```
multilocular
many lipid droplets, smaller cells
high vascularized
heat production in babies and small mammals
UCP-1 production
```
104
UCP-1
uncouples oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production
105
blood c.t.
formed elements
1. RBCs
2. WBCs (5 types)
3. platelets
4. ECM
106
ECM
plasma + fibers (fibrinogen)
107
WBCs
granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
108
WBCs
granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
all have azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
109
neutrophils
nucleus of >2 parts
~60%
major phagocytes
1st to arrive at site of infection
110
eosinophils
```
bi-loped nucleus
~4%
crystalloid bodies
actively phagocytic
associated w/allergic rxns, parasitic infections, chronic inflammation
```
111
basophils
large granules
~<0.5%
functionally similar to mast cells
mediator of inflammation
112
lymphocytes
nucleus fills most of the cell
~30%
Types: T & B Lymphocytes, Natural Killer cells
main functional cells in immune system
113
monocytes (macrophage)
```
indented nucleus
~8%
largest WBC
antigen-presenting cell
phagocytosis
```
114
RBCs
anucleate, biconcave discs
shape maximizes gas exchange w/hemoglobin
~120 day lifespan
115
platelets
anucleate cell fragments of a megakaryocyte
stimulate blood clotting and tissue repair
~10 day lifespan
116
hematopoiesis
```
varies in location
1-3 mo. utero: yolk sac
3-7 mo. utero: liver/spleen
7-9 mo. utero: bone marrow
adults: bone marrow
```
117
monophyletic theory
all derived from common hemopoietic stem cell
118
reticulocytes
nucleated RBCs
~1-2% of RBC totals
can relate to disease if higher than normal
119
reticulocytes
nucleated RBCs
~1-2% of RBC totals
can relate to disease if higher than normal
120
bone marrow
blood vessels + sinusoids + sponge-like network of cells
121
adventitial cell
sends sheet-like projections into cords of developing cells
structural support
cytokine stimulation
122
transcellular transport
blood cells must penetrate sinusoid endothelial cell via transitory aperture creation to enter lumen
123
myeloid to erythroid ratio in bone marrow
3:1
WBCs produced at a higher rate because they have a shorter lifespan
124
myeloid to erythroid ratio in bone marrow
3:1
WBCs produced at a higher rate because they have a shorter lifespan
125
hematopoiesis tree
1. hemopoietic stem cell
2. common lymphoid progenitor
2. common myeloid progenitor
3. granulocyte/monocyte progenitor
3. megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor
126
hematopoiesis tree
1. hemopoietic stem cell
2. common lymphoid progenitor
2. common myeloid progenitor
3. granulocyte/monocyte progenitor
3. megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor
4. NK cell, T cell, B cell, plasma cell
4. neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage, mast cell
127
cells in blood
```
NK cell
T cell
B cell
neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil
monocyte
platelets
erythrocyte
```
128
cells in connective tissue (from blood)
```
NK cell
T cell
plasma cell
neutrophil
mast cell
eosinophil
macrophage
```
129
compare/contrast mast cells and basophils
compare: originate from HSC, both have high-affinity surface receptors
contrast: literally everything else
