EXAM 3.2 Flashcards
percentage of people who avoid the news
41
different between hard news and soft news
hard news: up-to-the-minute immediate reporting; urgent, serious, factual approach.
Topics: politics, war, crime, economics, natural disasters, tragic accidents
soft news: human interest stories or background information lightheaded, entertainment or advice.
what is the difference between incomeing/passive and outgoing/active news
- Incoming/passive
○ Naturally occurring events
○ “pseudo events” (daniel boorstein) - Outgoing/active
○ Enterprise
○ Beats
what are pseudo events
events that serve little to no purpose other than to be reproduced through advertisements or publicity
what are enterprise stories
rely on sources (developed through areas of coverage) to keep the, informed and pass along news items to create original works of journalism.
model of funding for Broadcasting in the US
MINIMALIST MODEL
low funding for public broadcasting, low levels of indirect subsidy for private media
what is a mixed model for broadcasting funding
middling levels of funding for public broadcasting blend of direct and indirect subsidies for private media
what is the dual model for broadcasting funding
high degree of license fee funding for public broadcasting plus indirect subsidy for private press
e.g. UK Germany and Finland
what is horizontal integration
situation where a single large media corporation owns a number of different kinds of media products/outlets.
what is vertical integration
situation where a media corporation owns companies involved in different phases of the media production process (creating media products, distributing them, showing them, etc)
what is the economy of scale
cost advantages that a business obtains due to expansion.
The bigger the potential market, the lower a producer’s average cost per unit, so for media owners, bigger is better.
what is the dual product model
media companies sell 2 products, not just one. The 1st product is the content (new or entertainment). The 2nd product is the attention of the audience reading/viewing/hearing the content.
drop of journalists in US last decade
Number of US journalists overall shrank by 25% from 2001 to 2009
35% reduction in newspaper reporters covering state legislatures 2003-2014
define non-profit journalism
The IRS Tax Code says it is “being organized and operated exclusively for charitable, scientific, religious, or public safety purposes”
newer kinds of journalism
hyperlocal (national style for local news)
fact checking sites
issue-specific (538)
alternative voices and perspectives
what is legacy media
media products predating the internet, typified by a dependence upon heterogeneous audiences, advertising income and one-way communication from the sender to the receiver.
what is the overall problem with legacy media
it’s run by and for baby boomers
three main approaches to ethical dilemmas
Outcome based: What will my reporting do? (Good or Bad)
Duty-Based: Deontological, What the ethical thing to do is what conforms to an ethical rule
Virtue-based: Developing good character, looking to role models and what makes them a virtuous person
examples of perfect duties
Fidelity (keeping your promises) Nonmaleficence Repartition Respect for persons, including oneself Formal justice
examples of imperfect duties
Beneficence Gratitude Distributive justice Honesty self-improvement
first amendment basics
Five freedoms: religion (freedom from & freedom to), speech, press, assembly (and implicit freedom of association), petition of government
define sedition
being critical of the government
possible crimes during the newsgathering process
intrusion source protection access to government info recording conversations access to property
possible crimes after publication
defamation
public disclosure of private facts
what is prior restraint
government preventing the press from publishing
what is structural bias
Structural bias: what type of frame or approach inherited to journalism practice, which favors and kinds of news topics and presentations over others.
five things we know about technological change
all tech change is a trade-off with culture
never a balance of good and bad outcomes
every new tech has a powerful idea behind it
it is not additive, it is ecological
tech tends to become mythic
Since the Supreme Court’s 1988 __________decision, school officials have had vast power to control the content of student publications, essentially limiting students’ First Amendment rights.
Hazlewood v Kuhlmeier
What do public officials need to prove in order to win a defamation suit?
actual malice
Who became a symbol for freedom of the press in 1734 when truth was used in his defense against charges of libel?
John Peter Zenger
The ownership of companies on the same level of the supply chain is an example of:
horizontal integration
what is the god term of journalism
the public
“A bias toward what attracts viewers or readers is known as a temporal bias.” Is this statement true or false?
f
“In a traditional print newsroom, the person responsible for proofreading, fact-checking, and writing headlines and captions is known as a copy editor.” Is this statement true or false?
t
“If you are fired from your job at a privately-owned restaurant for something you said in public, your employer is guilty of violating your First Amendment rights.” Is this statement true or false?
f
“A perfect duty refers to a duty that should be practiced in all circumstances, while an imperfect duty refers to a duty that should be practiced whenever possible.” Is this statement true or false?
t
“Unlike many other democracies, there has never been any kind of subsidy directed to news organizations by the U.S. government.” Is this statement true or false?
f
“Audience members have no obligation to consume high-quality news and think critically about the information they consume.” Is this statement true or false?
f
“Communications law makes no distinction between broadcasting and cable.” Is this statement true or false?
f
What is one key thing that is not implied by the public sphere model
that success is measured by profit
The existence of a news organization under a larger corporate umbrella is an example of:
corporate conglomeration
Which of the following statements is true?
The newspaper market is dominated by large corporations
Local television news has fewer and fewer owners
Six corporations own the vast majority of broadcasting, cable, and book publishing companies
Local television news has fewer and fewer owners
Ryan is ticked off. To make time for more testing, the public school he attends has decided to reduce Spring Break by one day. To protest the school’s decision, he publishes a one-page flyer that says “Spring Break Rules! Testing Drools.” As he has seen many other community activists do before, he takes his flyers to Speakers’ Circle, where he peacefully offers copies to passersby. What acts probably violates Ryan’s First Amendment rights?
A police officer or some other authority figure orders Ryan to stop distribution and go home
The emergence of journalism schools and codes of ethics is linked to:
the professionalisation of journalism
Which of these would be an example of “legacy media”?
CNN
Deadspin
ProPublica
Buzzfeed
CNN
