exam 2

Question 1

percentage of people who avoid the news

Answer 1

41

Question 2

different between hard news and soft news

Answer 2

hard news: up-to-the-minute immediate reporting; urgent, serious, factual approach.
Topics: politics, war, crime, economics, natural disasters, tragic accidents

soft news: human interest stories or background information lightheaded, entertainment or advice.

Question 3

what is the difference between incomeing/passive and outgoing/active news

Answer 3

• Incoming/passive
  ○ Naturally occurring events
  ○ “pseudo events” (daniel boorstein)
• Outgoing/active
  ○ Enterprise
  ○ Beats

Question 4

what are pseudo events

Answer 4

events that serve little to no purpose other than to be reproduced through advertisements or publicity

Question 5

what are enterprise stories

Answer 5

rely on sources (developed through areas of coverage) to keep the, informed and pass along news items to create original works of journalism.

Question 6

model of funding for Broadcasting in the US

Answer 6

minimalist model

low funding for public broadcasting, low levels of indirect subsidy for private media

Question 7

what is a mixed model for broadcasting funding

Answer 7

middling levels of funding for public broadcasting blend of direct and indirect subsidies for private media
(e.g. france, italy)

Question 8

what is the dual model for broadcasting funding

Answer 8

high degree of license fee funding for public broadcasting plus indirect subsidy for private press

e.g. UK Germany and Finland

Question 9

what is horizontal integration

Answer 9

situation where a single large media corporation owns a number of different kinds of media products/outlets.

Question 10

what is vertical integration

Answer 10

situation where a media corporation owns companies involved in different phases of the media production process (creating media products, distributing them, showing them, etc)

Question 11

what is the economy of scale

Answer 11

cost advantages that a business obtains due to expansion.

The bigger the potential market, the lower a producer’s average cost per unit, so for media owners, bigger is better.

Question 12

what is the dual product model

Answer 12

media companies sell 2 products, not just one. The 1st product is the content (new or entertainment). The 2nd product is the attention of the audience reading/viewing/hearing the content.

Question 13

drop of journalists in US last decade

Answer 13

Number of US journalists overall shrank by 25% from 2001 to 2009

35% reduction in newspaper reporters covering state legislatures 2003-2014

Question 14

define non-profit journalism

Answer 14

The IRS Tax Code says it is “being organized and operated exclusively for charitable, scientific, religious, or public safety purposes”

Question 15

newer kinds of journalism

Answer 15

hyperlocal (national style for local news)

fact checking sites

issue-specific (538)

alternative voices and perspectives

Question 16

what is legacy media

Answer 16

media products predating the internet, typified by a dependence upon heterogeneous audiences, advertising income and one-way communication from the sender to the receiver.

Question 17

what is the overall problem with legacy media

Answer 17

it’s run by and for baby boomers

Question 18

three main approaches to ethical dilemmas

Answer 18

Outcome based: What will my reporting do? (Good or Bad)
Duty-Based: Deontological, What the ethical thing to do is what conforms to an ethical rule
Virtue-based: Developing good character, looking to role models and what makes them a virtuous person

Question 19

examples of perfect duties

Answer 19

Fidelity (keeping your promises)
Nonmaleficence
Repartition 
Respect for persons, including oneself
Formal justice

Question 20

examples of imperfect duties

Answer 20

Beneficence
Gratitude
Distributive justice
Honesty
self-improvement

Question 21

first amendment basics

Answer 21

Five freedoms: religion (freedom from & freedom to), speech, press, assembly (and implicit freedom of association), petition of government

Question 22

define sedition

Answer 22

being critical of the government

Question 23

possible crimes during the newsgathering process

Answer 23

intrusion
source protection
access to government info
recording conversations
access to property

Question 24

possible crimes after publication

Answer 24

defamation

public disclosure of private facts

Question 25

what is prior restraint

Answer 25

government preventing the press from publishing

Question 26

what is structural bias

Answer 26

Structural bias: what type of frame or approach inherited to journalism practice, which favors and kinds of news topics and presentations over others.

Question 27

five things we know about technological change

Answer 27

all tech change is a trade-off with culture

never a balance of good and bad outcomes

every new tech has a powerful idea behind it

it is not additive, it is ecological

tech tends to become mythic