exam 2 Flashcards
percentage of people who avoid the news
41
different between hard news and soft news
hard news: up-to-the-minute immediate reporting; urgent, serious, factual approach.
Topics: politics, war, crime, economics, natural disasters, tragic accidents
soft news: human interest stories or background information lightheaded, entertainment or advice.
what is the difference between incomeing/passive and outgoing/active news
- Incoming/passive
○ Naturally occurring events
○ “pseudo events” (daniel boorstein) - Outgoing/active
○ Enterprise
○ Beats
what are pseudo events
events that serve little to no purpose other than to be reproduced through advertisements or publicity
what are enterprise stories
rely on sources (developed through areas of coverage) to keep the, informed and pass along news items to create original works of journalism.
model of funding for Broadcasting in the US
minimalist model
low funding for public broadcasting, low levels of indirect subsidy for private media
what is a mixed model for broadcasting funding
middling levels of funding for public broadcasting blend of direct and indirect subsidies for private media
(e.g. france, italy)
what is the dual model for broadcasting funding
high degree of license fee funding for public broadcasting plus indirect subsidy for private press
e.g. UK Germany and Finland
what is horizontal integration
situation where a single large media corporation owns a number of different kinds of media products/outlets.
what is vertical integration
situation where a media corporation owns companies involved in different phases of the media production process (creating media products, distributing them, showing them, etc)
what is the economy of scale
cost advantages that a business obtains due to expansion.
The bigger the potential market, the lower a producer’s average cost per unit, so for media owners, bigger is better.
what is the dual product model
media companies sell 2 products, not just one. The 1st product is the content (new or entertainment). The 2nd product is the attention of the audience reading/viewing/hearing the content.
drop of journalists in US last decade
Number of US journalists overall shrank by 25% from 2001 to 2009
35% reduction in newspaper reporters covering state legislatures 2003-2014
define non-profit journalism
The IRS Tax Code says it is “being organized and operated exclusively for charitable, scientific, religious, or public safety purposes”
newer kinds of journalism
hyperlocal (national style for local news)
fact checking sites
issue-specific (538)
alternative voices and perspectives
what is legacy media
media products predating the internet, typified by a dependence upon heterogeneous audiences, advertising income and one-way communication from the sender to the receiver.
what is the overall problem with legacy media
it’s run by and for baby boomers
three main approaches to ethical dilemmas
Outcome based: What will my reporting do? (Good or Bad)
Duty-Based: Deontological, What the ethical thing to do is what conforms to an ethical rule
Virtue-based: Developing good character, looking to role models and what makes them a virtuous person
examples of perfect duties
Fidelity (keeping your promises) Nonmaleficence Repartition Respect for persons, including oneself Formal justice
examples of imperfect duties
Beneficence Gratitude Distributive justice Honesty self-improvement
first amendment basics
Five freedoms: religion (freedom from & freedom to), speech, press, assembly (and implicit freedom of association), petition of government
define sedition
being critical of the government
possible crimes during the newsgathering process
intrusion source protection access to government info recording conversations access to property
possible crimes after publication
defamation
public disclosure of private facts
what is prior restraint
government preventing the press from publishing
what is structural bias
Structural bias: what type of frame or approach inherited to journalism practice, which favors and kinds of news topics and presentations over others.
five things we know about technological change
all tech change is a trade-off with culture
never a balance of good and bad outcomes
every new tech has a powerful idea behind it
it is not additive, it is ecological
tech tends to become mythic
