Exam 3- Week 5

Question 1

Sociocultural (or sociohistorical) theory

Answer 1

The interpersonal process of developing skills

Development- changes over time in how children participate in culture

Focus on formal (schools, rituals, traditions) and informal (authentic activities) ways that culture is transmitted to children

3 aspects of this theory

1. Culture mediated higher psychological functioning through sings and tools
   
   1. Sensation (startle response)
   2. Cultural tools and symbols (label from language; use to understand sensation)
      
      1. Mediated direct experience of world, and the way we understand them
   3. Knowledge
2. Social and cultural experience guide and support how we learn about and use these signs and tools
   
   1. Give us labels for items
   2. Can be subtle or explicit (schooling)
   3. Tell us what is important in the situation (“don’t play with your food”)
3. Process unfolds over human development (takes a long time)

Question 2

Lev S. Vygotsky

Answer 2

During communist revolution (Marxist)

• goals of labor need to match personal goals, to connect

Marxist type theory of development

• cultural transmission
• grand cultural theory

Question 3

Fossilized intelligence

Answer 3

What they can do now

Question 4

Methods of cultural transmission

Answer 4

Zones of proximal development (Vygotsky)

Guided participation (Rogoff)

Intent community participation

Question 5

Zones of proximal development (Vygotsky)

Answer 5

More sophisticated as more outward

Example: counting

1. Interrupt; continue
   
   1. Count on (continue from where stopped), can be basic addition
   2. Count up (start over)
      
      1. Leading

Different lesson for each to continue development

Target instruction properly and accurately to zone; sensitivity to learning

Distance between what a child can do on own and what they can do with the help of an experience partent (scaffold, removed once gain confidence)

-> move to higher levels of achievement

Origin of intelligence is social

Question 6

Guided participation (Rogoff)

Answer 6

Informal

Learning alongside cultural members while participating in everyday activities

Question 7

Intent community participation

Answer 7

Tools, symbols, and practices of culture

Question 8

Child survival and infancy

Answer 8

Child mortality

• lower rates: vaccination and mother feeding

Males: young adult, risk taking

Women: young adult, child birth

Question 9

Child rearing goals

Answer 9

Conditioned by needs of people in culture

Three level higherarchy of parent child rearing goals

1. Concerned with child’s survival and health
2. Preparing child to maintain themselves economically in maturity
3. Focus on child’s potential to maximize other cultural values (1 & 2 must be secure)- western culture focus here
   
   1. Education
   2. Socioeconomic status
   3. Happiness

Question 10

Child attachment/ Attachment theory

Answer 10

Emotional (a need) bond between caregiver and child; critical to survival

Attachment thoery

1. Secure base of exploration and sense of trust (if cry, mom will come)
   
   1. Intensified if biological relationship
   2. Trust based on Freudian view

Question 11

Monotropic view of attachment

Answer 11

One location; favoring biological mother

Rooted in Freudian ideas and ethology

1. Ability to trust absolutely essential to healthy development
2. Custodial care- food, shelter, water
   
   1. With only this, didn’t do well psychologically -> self stimulating behavior (self rocking)

Harlow’s research (contact conform)

1. Wire mom monkey: prefered confort to nourishment

Crying babies cry less if attended to right away, which is the opposite of what learning theory would predict

1. If needs you, and tells you, you will be there (trust), so only cry when need you

Question 12

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 12

Studied individual differences

Strange situation procedure (mother leaves baby with stranger -> reunion)

1. 60% secure
   
   1. Seek contact during reunion, then go on to play
2. 30% insecure aviodant
   
   1. Look at mother, but don’t go to during reunion (daycare)
   2. OR just will NOT look at mom
3. 5-10% insecure ambivilant-resistant
   
   1. Seek contact, when mom tries to respond, baby kicks, etc.
4. 5% disorganized
   
   1. Worse version of avoidant/ ambivilan-resistant

Question 13

Cultural perspective (Keller)

Answer 13

Attachment theory

1. Based on western views
   
   1. Such families are in less than 5% of the world’s population
2. Evolutionary adaptation views
   
   1. Focus on variability in early caregiving and how it favors patterns with the best outcomes for survival of individual and group
   2. Variation in western societies
      
      1. Germany
         
         1. Higher rates of avoidant behavior (daycare)
      2. Japan
         
         1. Same rate of security, but no avoidant, just resistance (very close contact of mom and baby: why would mom leave at al?! Confusion)
      3. Israel
         
         1. Similar to Japan

Question 14

Variation in infant care (Morielli, 1992)

Answer 14

Cultural variation in infant’s sleeping (lower SIDS when sleep with a partner)

Mayan vs. US household

1. Practices
2. Relation to developmental goals for children
   
   1. Theoretical criticism
      
      1. Western ideologies underlie attachment
         
         1. Importance of autonomy
         2. Self separate from others (self expression)
         3. Lead to certain caregiving practices
            
            1. Single caregiver- biological mother
            2. Role:
               
               1. Encourage independence
               2. Direct and control child’s behavior (and build into system)
      2. Alternative cultural views
         
         1. Multiple caregiving arrangements
         2. Cooperative breeding arrangement
         3. Frees up mother’s time (take care of others) it takes her place if she is lost
         4. Extended kin system important here (survival based)
            
            1. Efe, Zaire, etc.
         5. Stanger anxiety, universal? NO
            
            1. Western: baby faces mother a lot of the time
            2. Unknown in societies where strangers are welcome and treated in a friendly way
      3. Attachment: a cultural perspective
         
         1. Early emotional bond is important
         2. Helps us develop sense of self
            
            1. In western cultures, self is a separate individual
            2. In non-western cultures, self is a member of a social group
               
               1. Different responsibilities
      4. How to study attachment with culture at the center
         
         1. Shift from a dyadic to a more networked approach/ view
         2. See enthnotheories of caring for babies as a community responsibility
         3. Redefines development from child- and self-centered to community centered (as socially centered, not child chentered)
         4. Trust becomes an element of the community at large, not jst of the dyadic parent-child relationship

Question 15

What is a family (Georgas)

Answer 15

The most immediate experience of culture; a social group

Structure

1. Members
   
   1. Types of families
      
      1. 2 gen.
      2. 3 gen.
         
         1. Stem- includes birthright child (main branch)
         2. Joint- all children (even married, and their children)
         3. Fully extended- aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, etc.
2. Roles
3. Lineage
4. Authority

Function (to help next generation grow up and function)

1. To help young members meet physical, emotional, and social needs
2. Sustained relationship

Kinship relationships

1. Lineage- how resources of family are continued
   
   1. Lineal- parents to children
   2. Collateral- relationships with aunts and uncles (ex. mother’s brother as disciplinarian)
   3. Affinal- in laws (mother in-laws)
2. Residence (patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal)
3. Marital patterns
   
   1. Endogamy (within social group) and exogamy
   2. Rules or arranged marriages to keep endogamy not really necessary today
4. Inheritance
   
   1. Land rights

Origin of family types

1. Ecology and subsistence
   
   1. Argicultural families have many kids
2. Historical, political and legan aspects
   
   1. Rules (birthright, adoption, etc.)
3. Community patterns and practices
   
   1. Religion is centrally involved

Question 16

What aspects of the family are universal?

Answer 16

Economic and psychological commitment to others